Development of a Smartphone-Based System for Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells Targeted Chromatic Pupillometry
Chromatic Pupillometry, used to assess Pupil Light Reflex (PLR) to a coloured light stimulus, has regained interest since the discovery of melanopsin in the intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs). This technique has shown the potential to be used as a screening tool for neuro-o...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Bioengineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/11/3/267 |
| _version_ | 1797242030020100096 |
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| author | Ana Isabel Sousa Carlos Marques-Neves Pedro Manuel Vieira |
| author_facet | Ana Isabel Sousa Carlos Marques-Neves Pedro Manuel Vieira |
| author_sort | Ana Isabel Sousa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chromatic Pupillometry, used to assess Pupil Light Reflex (PLR) to a coloured light stimulus, has regained interest since the discovery of melanopsin in the intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs). This technique has shown the potential to be used as a screening tool for neuro-ophthalmological diseases; however, most of the pupillometers available are expensive and not portable, making it harder for them to be used as a widespread screening tool. In this study, we developed a smartphone-based system for chromatic pupillometry that allows targeted stimulation of the ipRGCs. Using a smartphone, this system is portable and accessible and takes advantage of the location of the ipRGCs in the perifovea. The system incorporates a 3D-printed support for the smartphone and an illumination system. Preliminary tests were carried out on a single individual and then validated on eleven healthy individuals with two different LED intensities. The average Post-Illumination Pupil Light Response 6 s after the stimuli offsets (PIPR-6s) showed a difference between the blue and the red stimuli of 9.5% for both intensities, which aligns with the studies using full-field stimulators. The results validated this system for a targeted stimulation of the ipRGCs for chromatic pupillometry, with the potential to be a portable and accessible screening tool for neuro-ophthalmological diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:32:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d00e46caf2914cc6aa99fce0aba9d877 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2306-5354 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:32:44Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Bioengineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-d00e46caf2914cc6aa99fce0aba9d8772024-03-27T13:21:55ZengMDPI AGBioengineering2306-53542024-03-0111326710.3390/bioengineering11030267Development of a Smartphone-Based System for Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells Targeted Chromatic PupillometryAna Isabel Sousa0Carlos Marques-Neves1Pedro Manuel Vieira2Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, PortugalFaculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, PortugalDepartment of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, PortugalChromatic Pupillometry, used to assess Pupil Light Reflex (PLR) to a coloured light stimulus, has regained interest since the discovery of melanopsin in the intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs). This technique has shown the potential to be used as a screening tool for neuro-ophthalmological diseases; however, most of the pupillometers available are expensive and not portable, making it harder for them to be used as a widespread screening tool. In this study, we developed a smartphone-based system for chromatic pupillometry that allows targeted stimulation of the ipRGCs. Using a smartphone, this system is portable and accessible and takes advantage of the location of the ipRGCs in the perifovea. The system incorporates a 3D-printed support for the smartphone and an illumination system. Preliminary tests were carried out on a single individual and then validated on eleven healthy individuals with two different LED intensities. The average Post-Illumination Pupil Light Response 6 s after the stimuli offsets (PIPR-6s) showed a difference between the blue and the red stimuli of 9.5% for both intensities, which aligns with the studies using full-field stimulators. The results validated this system for a targeted stimulation of the ipRGCs for chromatic pupillometry, with the potential to be a portable and accessible screening tool for neuro-ophthalmological diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/11/3/267pupil light reflexpupillometryintrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cellssmartphonechromatic pupillometry |
| spellingShingle | Ana Isabel Sousa Carlos Marques-Neves Pedro Manuel Vieira Development of a Smartphone-Based System for Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells Targeted Chromatic Pupillometry Bioengineering pupil light reflex pupillometry intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells smartphone chromatic pupillometry |
| title | Development of a Smartphone-Based System for Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells Targeted Chromatic Pupillometry |
| title_full | Development of a Smartphone-Based System for Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells Targeted Chromatic Pupillometry |
| title_fullStr | Development of a Smartphone-Based System for Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells Targeted Chromatic Pupillometry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of a Smartphone-Based System for Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells Targeted Chromatic Pupillometry |
| title_short | Development of a Smartphone-Based System for Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells Targeted Chromatic Pupillometry |
| title_sort | development of a smartphone based system for intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells targeted chromatic pupillometry |
| topic | pupil light reflex pupillometry intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells smartphone chromatic pupillometry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/11/3/267 |
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