Men and women farmers’ perceptions of adopting improved diets for pigs in Uganda: decision-making, income allocation, and intra-household strategies that mitigate relative disadvantage
Abstract Background The roles and responsibilities of men and women in east African smallholder pig-raising households and the entitlements each can claim from pig-enterprise income are unknown. The article is a qualitative gender-and-household-head-disaggregated exploration of Ugandan smallholder p...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2017-06-01
|
| Series: | Agriculture & Food Security |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40066-017-0095-7 |
| _version_ | 1818237722516520960 |
|---|---|
| author | Natalie Ann Carter Sally Humphries Delia Grace Emily Awuor Ouma Catherine Elizabeth Dewey |
| author_facet | Natalie Ann Carter Sally Humphries Delia Grace Emily Awuor Ouma Catherine Elizabeth Dewey |
| author_sort | Natalie Ann Carter |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background The roles and responsibilities of men and women in east African smallholder pig-raising households and the entitlements each can claim from pig-enterprise income are unknown. The article is a qualitative gender-and-household-head-disaggregated exploration of Ugandan smallholder pig farmers’ perceptions. Asset ownership, control, and access; division of labour; and decision-making related to pig rearing and pig-enterprise income are presented in the context of the potential impact of adopting improved diets for pigs (a productivity improvement). Results Potential benefits of improved diet adoption included faster pig growth; increased farmer income and pig population; new on-farm employment and produce market opportunities; and improved pig market opportunities and family- and community-level well-being. Contradictory views about the potential impact of diet adoption on labour requirements and feed costs, and the inclusion of seasonal, home-grown ingredients were expressed. Concerns about people and pigs competing for food and personal safety were also voiced. Women allocated pig-enterprise income to provide for their children, household, and extended family, and spent only the remaining income on themselves. Men allocated income to meet personal needs, and to provide for their children, wife, second wife/family, extended family, and lovers. Men and women in female-headed households (WFHH) had overt decision-making ability over the pig enterprise and pig-enterprise income. Some women in male-headed households (WMHH) had overt decision-making ability over the pig enterprise and pig-enterprise income when their husband allowed it, or failed to provide, or was away. Pig ownership and labour investment by WMHH did not guarantee that women had decision-making ability or benefitted from pig-enterprise income. Some WMHH employed covert strategies which mitigated their relative disadvantage. Threat of domestic violence inhibited the decision-making ability of WMHH. Polygyny reduced intra-household communication transparency. Conclusions Diet adoption could benefit smallholder pig-raising households and farming communities, but lack of funds and human/pig food competition could limit adoption. Men, WFHH, and some WMHH had overt decision-making ability over the pig enterprise and pig-enterprise income. Men allocated income to benefit themselves, and their multiple families and lovers. Women allocated income to benefit their families and spent only surplus income on themselves. Women employed covert strategies to mitigate their relative disadvantage. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T12:30:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d0130b800f2241429339e5fc4714c587 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2048-7010 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T12:30:17Z |
| publishDate | 2017-06-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture & Food Security |
| spelling | doaj.art-d0130b800f2241429339e5fc4714c5872022-12-22T00:24:26ZengBMCAgriculture & Food Security2048-70102017-06-016112410.1186/s40066-017-0095-7Men and women farmers’ perceptions of adopting improved diets for pigs in Uganda: decision-making, income allocation, and intra-household strategies that mitigate relative disadvantageNatalie Ann Carter0Sally Humphries1Delia Grace2Emily Awuor Ouma3Catherine Elizabeth Dewey4Department of Population Medicine, University of GuelphDepartment of Sociology and Anthropology, University of GuelphFood Safety and Zoonoses, International Livestock Research Institute KenyaLivestock and Fish CRP, International Livestock Research Institute UgandaDepartment of Population Medicine, University of GuelphAbstract Background The roles and responsibilities of men and women in east African smallholder pig-raising households and the entitlements each can claim from pig-enterprise income are unknown. The article is a qualitative gender-and-household-head-disaggregated exploration of Ugandan smallholder pig farmers’ perceptions. Asset ownership, control, and access; division of labour; and decision-making related to pig rearing and pig-enterprise income are presented in the context of the potential impact of adopting improved diets for pigs (a productivity improvement). Results Potential benefits of improved diet adoption included faster pig growth; increased farmer income and pig population; new on-farm employment and produce market opportunities; and improved pig market opportunities and family- and community-level well-being. Contradictory views about the potential impact of diet adoption on labour requirements and feed costs, and the inclusion of seasonal, home-grown ingredients were expressed. Concerns about people and pigs competing for food and personal safety were also voiced. Women allocated pig-enterprise income to provide for their children, household, and extended family, and spent only the remaining income on themselves. Men allocated income to meet personal needs, and to provide for their children, wife, second wife/family, extended family, and lovers. Men and women in female-headed households (WFHH) had overt decision-making ability over the pig enterprise and pig-enterprise income. Some women in male-headed households (WMHH) had overt decision-making ability over the pig enterprise and pig-enterprise income when their husband allowed it, or failed to provide, or was away. Pig ownership and labour investment by WMHH did not guarantee that women had decision-making ability or benefitted from pig-enterprise income. Some WMHH employed covert strategies which mitigated their relative disadvantage. Threat of domestic violence inhibited the decision-making ability of WMHH. Polygyny reduced intra-household communication transparency. Conclusions Diet adoption could benefit smallholder pig-raising households and farming communities, but lack of funds and human/pig food competition could limit adoption. Men, WFHH, and some WMHH had overt decision-making ability over the pig enterprise and pig-enterprise income. Men allocated income to benefit themselves, and their multiple families and lovers. Women allocated income to benefit their families and spent only surplus income on themselves. Women employed covert strategies to mitigate their relative disadvantage.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40066-017-0095-7Sub-Saharan AfricaIntra-householdDecision-makingPig-enterprise income allocationGenderHousehold head |
| spellingShingle | Natalie Ann Carter Sally Humphries Delia Grace Emily Awuor Ouma Catherine Elizabeth Dewey Men and women farmers’ perceptions of adopting improved diets for pigs in Uganda: decision-making, income allocation, and intra-household strategies that mitigate relative disadvantage Agriculture & Food Security Sub-Saharan Africa Intra-household Decision-making Pig-enterprise income allocation Gender Household head |
| title | Men and women farmers’ perceptions of adopting improved diets for pigs in Uganda: decision-making, income allocation, and intra-household strategies that mitigate relative disadvantage |
| title_full | Men and women farmers’ perceptions of adopting improved diets for pigs in Uganda: decision-making, income allocation, and intra-household strategies that mitigate relative disadvantage |
| title_fullStr | Men and women farmers’ perceptions of adopting improved diets for pigs in Uganda: decision-making, income allocation, and intra-household strategies that mitigate relative disadvantage |
| title_full_unstemmed | Men and women farmers’ perceptions of adopting improved diets for pigs in Uganda: decision-making, income allocation, and intra-household strategies that mitigate relative disadvantage |
| title_short | Men and women farmers’ perceptions of adopting improved diets for pigs in Uganda: decision-making, income allocation, and intra-household strategies that mitigate relative disadvantage |
| title_sort | men and women farmers perceptions of adopting improved diets for pigs in uganda decision making income allocation and intra household strategies that mitigate relative disadvantage |
| topic | Sub-Saharan Africa Intra-household Decision-making Pig-enterprise income allocation Gender Household head |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40066-017-0095-7 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT natalieanncarter menandwomenfarmersperceptionsofadoptingimproveddietsforpigsinugandadecisionmakingincomeallocationandintrahouseholdstrategiesthatmitigaterelativedisadvantage AT sallyhumphries menandwomenfarmersperceptionsofadoptingimproveddietsforpigsinugandadecisionmakingincomeallocationandintrahouseholdstrategiesthatmitigaterelativedisadvantage AT deliagrace menandwomenfarmersperceptionsofadoptingimproveddietsforpigsinugandadecisionmakingincomeallocationandintrahouseholdstrategiesthatmitigaterelativedisadvantage AT emilyawuorouma menandwomenfarmersperceptionsofadoptingimproveddietsforpigsinugandadecisionmakingincomeallocationandintrahouseholdstrategiesthatmitigaterelativedisadvantage AT catherineelizabethdewey menandwomenfarmersperceptionsofadoptingimproveddietsforpigsinugandadecisionmakingincomeallocationandintrahouseholdstrategiesthatmitigaterelativedisadvantage |