<i>Spirogyra</i> Oil-Based Biodiesel: Response Surface Optimization of Chemical and Enzymatic Transesterification and Exhaust Emission Behavior
Algae are emerging as a major and reliable source of renewable biodiesel that could meet the energy requirements of the world. Like plants, algae produce and store oils in their cells. Algal samples were collected from Gujrat District, Pakistan, their oil content was analyzed, and the best oil produ...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-10-01
|
| Series: | Catalysts |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/10/10/1214 |
| _version_ | 1797550485505310720 |
|---|---|
| author | Saqib Sohail Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz Hamid Mukhtar Tooba Touqeer Muhammad Kafeel Anjum Umer Rashid Wan Azlina Wan Ab Karim Ghani Thomas Shean Yaw Choong |
| author_facet | Saqib Sohail Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz Hamid Mukhtar Tooba Touqeer Muhammad Kafeel Anjum Umer Rashid Wan Azlina Wan Ab Karim Ghani Thomas Shean Yaw Choong |
| author_sort | Saqib Sohail |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Algae are emerging as a major and reliable source of renewable biodiesel that could meet the energy requirements of the world. Like plants, algae produce and store oils in their cells. Algal samples were collected from Gujrat District, Pakistan, their oil content was analyzed, and the best oil producing alga was identified as <i>Spirogyra crassa</i>. After collecting sample, oil was extracted using the Soxhlet extraction method. <i>Spirogyra</i> oil was characterized physico-chemically for the evaluation of its quality. Acid value, density, saponification value, peroxide value, as well as viscosity and iodine values were determined and their values were 16.67 ± 3.53 mg KOH/g, 0.859 ± 0.050 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, 165.33 ± 13.20 mg KOH/g, 4.633 ± 0.252 meq/kg, 5.63 ± 0.833 mm<sup>2</sup>/mL, and 117.67 ± 13.01 mg I<sub>2</sub>/g, respectively. Chemical as well as enzymatic transesterification protocols were employed for biodiesel production using NaOCH<sub>3</sub> and NOVOZYME-435, respectively. Different reactions parameters involved in transesterification were optimized by the response surface methodology. The optimized yield of biodiesel (77.3 ± 1.27%) by the chemical transesterification of algal oil (spirogyra) was observed by carrying out the reaction for 90 minutes at a reaction temperature of 45 °C using 1.13% catalyst (NaOCH<sub>3</sub>) concentration and 6:1 methanol:oil. Meanwhile, for enzymatic transesterification, the optimized yield (93.2 ± 1.27%) was obtained by conducting the reaction for 42.5 h at the temperature of 35 °C using 1% enzyme concentration and 4.5:1 methanol:oil. Fuel properties, including flash point, pour point, cloud point, fire point, kinematic viscosity, and density, were determined and their values are 125.67 ± 2.11 °C, −19.67 ± 0.8 °C, −13 ± 1 °C, 138.667 ± 2.52 °C, 5.87 ± 2.20 mm<sup>2</sup>/mL, and 0.85 6 ± 0.03 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, respectively. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) and Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis were performed for the monitoring of the transesterification process and fatty acid methyl acid (FAME) profiling, respectively. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:29:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d01e4081c4344e2cb41afcc881d7e899 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4344 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:29:59Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Catalysts |
| spelling | doaj.art-d01e4081c4344e2cb41afcc881d7e8992023-11-20T17:45:46ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442020-10-011010121410.3390/catal10101214<i>Spirogyra</i> Oil-Based Biodiesel: Response Surface Optimization of Chemical and Enzymatic Transesterification and Exhaust Emission BehaviorSaqib Sohail0Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz1Hamid Mukhtar2Tooba Touqeer3Muhammad Kafeel Anjum4Umer Rashid5Wan Azlina Wan Ab Karim Ghani6Thomas Shean Yaw Choong7Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab 50700, PakistanDepartment of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab 50700, PakistanInstitute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, PakistanDepartment of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab 50700, PakistanDepartment of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab 50700, PakistanInstitute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, MalaysiaAlgae are emerging as a major and reliable source of renewable biodiesel that could meet the energy requirements of the world. Like plants, algae produce and store oils in their cells. Algal samples were collected from Gujrat District, Pakistan, their oil content was analyzed, and the best oil producing alga was identified as <i>Spirogyra crassa</i>. After collecting sample, oil was extracted using the Soxhlet extraction method. <i>Spirogyra</i> oil was characterized physico-chemically for the evaluation of its quality. Acid value, density, saponification value, peroxide value, as well as viscosity and iodine values were determined and their values were 16.67 ± 3.53 mg KOH/g, 0.859 ± 0.050 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, 165.33 ± 13.20 mg KOH/g, 4.633 ± 0.252 meq/kg, 5.63 ± 0.833 mm<sup>2</sup>/mL, and 117.67 ± 13.01 mg I<sub>2</sub>/g, respectively. Chemical as well as enzymatic transesterification protocols were employed for biodiesel production using NaOCH<sub>3</sub> and NOVOZYME-435, respectively. Different reactions parameters involved in transesterification were optimized by the response surface methodology. The optimized yield of biodiesel (77.3 ± 1.27%) by the chemical transesterification of algal oil (spirogyra) was observed by carrying out the reaction for 90 minutes at a reaction temperature of 45 °C using 1.13% catalyst (NaOCH<sub>3</sub>) concentration and 6:1 methanol:oil. Meanwhile, for enzymatic transesterification, the optimized yield (93.2 ± 1.27%) was obtained by conducting the reaction for 42.5 h at the temperature of 35 °C using 1% enzyme concentration and 4.5:1 methanol:oil. Fuel properties, including flash point, pour point, cloud point, fire point, kinematic viscosity, and density, were determined and their values are 125.67 ± 2.11 °C, −19.67 ± 0.8 °C, −13 ± 1 °C, 138.667 ± 2.52 °C, 5.87 ± 2.20 mm<sup>2</sup>/mL, and 0.85 6 ± 0.03 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, respectively. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) and Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis were performed for the monitoring of the transesterification process and fatty acid methyl acid (FAME) profiling, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/10/10/1214Algal oilbiodieselprocess optimizationcatalyst and biocatalysttransesterification |
| spellingShingle | Saqib Sohail Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz Hamid Mukhtar Tooba Touqeer Muhammad Kafeel Anjum Umer Rashid Wan Azlina Wan Ab Karim Ghani Thomas Shean Yaw Choong <i>Spirogyra</i> Oil-Based Biodiesel: Response Surface Optimization of Chemical and Enzymatic Transesterification and Exhaust Emission Behavior Catalysts Algal oil biodiesel process optimization catalyst and biocatalyst transesterification |
| title | <i>Spirogyra</i> Oil-Based Biodiesel: Response Surface Optimization of Chemical and Enzymatic Transesterification and Exhaust Emission Behavior |
| title_full | <i>Spirogyra</i> Oil-Based Biodiesel: Response Surface Optimization of Chemical and Enzymatic Transesterification and Exhaust Emission Behavior |
| title_fullStr | <i>Spirogyra</i> Oil-Based Biodiesel: Response Surface Optimization of Chemical and Enzymatic Transesterification and Exhaust Emission Behavior |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Spirogyra</i> Oil-Based Biodiesel: Response Surface Optimization of Chemical and Enzymatic Transesterification and Exhaust Emission Behavior |
| title_short | <i>Spirogyra</i> Oil-Based Biodiesel: Response Surface Optimization of Chemical and Enzymatic Transesterification and Exhaust Emission Behavior |
| title_sort | i spirogyra i oil based biodiesel response surface optimization of chemical and enzymatic transesterification and exhaust emission behavior |
| topic | Algal oil biodiesel process optimization catalyst and biocatalyst transesterification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/10/10/1214 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT saqibsohail ispirogyraioilbasedbiodieselresponsesurfaceoptimizationofchemicalandenzymatictransesterificationandexhaustemissionbehavior AT muhammadwaseemmumtaz ispirogyraioilbasedbiodieselresponsesurfaceoptimizationofchemicalandenzymatictransesterificationandexhaustemissionbehavior AT hamidmukhtar ispirogyraioilbasedbiodieselresponsesurfaceoptimizationofchemicalandenzymatictransesterificationandexhaustemissionbehavior AT toobatouqeer ispirogyraioilbasedbiodieselresponsesurfaceoptimizationofchemicalandenzymatictransesterificationandexhaustemissionbehavior AT muhammadkafeelanjum ispirogyraioilbasedbiodieselresponsesurfaceoptimizationofchemicalandenzymatictransesterificationandexhaustemissionbehavior AT umerrashid ispirogyraioilbasedbiodieselresponsesurfaceoptimizationofchemicalandenzymatictransesterificationandexhaustemissionbehavior AT wanazlinawanabkarimghani ispirogyraioilbasedbiodieselresponsesurfaceoptimizationofchemicalandenzymatictransesterificationandexhaustemissionbehavior AT thomassheanyawchoong ispirogyraioilbasedbiodieselresponsesurfaceoptimizationofchemicalandenzymatictransesterificationandexhaustemissionbehavior |