Complexity of Sex Differences and Their Impact on Alzheimer’s Disease
Sex differences are present in brain morphology, sex hormones, aging processes and immune responses. These differences need to be considered for proper modelling of neurological diseases with clear sex differences. This is the case for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder wit...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/5/1261 |
| _version_ | 1797600957211607040 |
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| author | Marion Kadlecova Kristine Freude Henriette Haukedal |
| author_facet | Marion Kadlecova Kristine Freude Henriette Haukedal |
| author_sort | Marion Kadlecova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sex differences are present in brain morphology, sex hormones, aging processes and immune responses. These differences need to be considered for proper modelling of neurological diseases with clear sex differences. This is the case for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with two-thirds of cases diagnosed in women. It is becoming clear that there is a complex interplay between the immune system, sex hormones and AD. Microglia are major players in the neuroinflammatory process occurring in AD and have been shown to be directly affected by sex hormones. However, many unanswered questions remain as the importance of including both sexes in research studies has only recently started receiving attention. In this review, we provide a summary of sex differences and their implications in AD, with a focus on microglia action. Furthermore, we discuss current available study models, including emerging complex microfluidic and 3D cellular models and their usefulness for studying hormonal effects in this disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:56:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d07fd458dc3f45e887859695cd86dfcd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:56:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-d07fd458dc3f45e887859695cd86dfcd2023-11-18T00:34:23ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592023-04-01115126110.3390/biomedicines11051261Complexity of Sex Differences and Their Impact on Alzheimer’s DiseaseMarion Kadlecova0Kristine Freude1Henriette Haukedal2Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 C Frederiksberg, DenmarkDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 C Frederiksberg, DenmarkDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 C Frederiksberg, DenmarkSex differences are present in brain morphology, sex hormones, aging processes and immune responses. These differences need to be considered for proper modelling of neurological diseases with clear sex differences. This is the case for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with two-thirds of cases diagnosed in women. It is becoming clear that there is a complex interplay between the immune system, sex hormones and AD. Microglia are major players in the neuroinflammatory process occurring in AD and have been shown to be directly affected by sex hormones. However, many unanswered questions remain as the importance of including both sexes in research studies has only recently started receiving attention. In this review, we provide a summary of sex differences and their implications in AD, with a focus on microglia action. Furthermore, we discuss current available study models, including emerging complex microfluidic and 3D cellular models and their usefulness for studying hormonal effects in this disease.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/5/1261sex differencesmicrogliasex hormonesestrogenAlzheimer’s diseasehiPSC |
| spellingShingle | Marion Kadlecova Kristine Freude Henriette Haukedal Complexity of Sex Differences and Their Impact on Alzheimer’s Disease Biomedicines sex differences microglia sex hormones estrogen Alzheimer’s disease hiPSC |
| title | Complexity of Sex Differences and Their Impact on Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_full | Complexity of Sex Differences and Their Impact on Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_fullStr | Complexity of Sex Differences and Their Impact on Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Complexity of Sex Differences and Their Impact on Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_short | Complexity of Sex Differences and Their Impact on Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_sort | complexity of sex differences and their impact on alzheimer s disease |
| topic | sex differences microglia sex hormones estrogen Alzheimer’s disease hiPSC |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/11/5/1261 |
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