Assessing the Efficacy of Coagulation (Al<sup>3+</sup>) and Chlorination in Water Treatment Plant Processes: Inactivating Chironomid Larvae for Improved Tap Water Quality
In response to the finding of chironomid larvae in tap water, South Korea’s water treatment system has stepped up water quality monitoring. However, due to the challenging nature of larval behavior, effective elimination remains difficult despite the use of various purification techniques such as co...
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/9/5715 |
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| author | Haerul Hidayaturrahman Hyuk Jun Kwon Yumeng Bao Shaik Gouse Peera Tae Gwan Lee |
| author_facet | Haerul Hidayaturrahman Hyuk Jun Kwon Yumeng Bao Shaik Gouse Peera Tae Gwan Lee |
| author_sort | Haerul Hidayaturrahman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In response to the finding of chironomid larvae in tap water, South Korea’s water treatment system has stepped up water quality monitoring. However, due to the challenging nature of larval behavior, effective elimination remains difficult despite the use of various purification techniques such as coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Based on it, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of coagulation and chlorination in inactivating chironomid larvae and investigate their behavior. The coagulation experiment tested how the behavior of the larvae changed in water with a high turbidity level of ±100 mg/L and 2 mg/L Al<sup>3+</sup> as a coagulant, compared to water with a lower turbidity level of ±30 mg/L and 1 mg/L of Al<sup>3+</sup> as a coagulant. The larvae were exposed to various doses of chlorine (0.5–20 mg/L as Cl) in 500 mL beaker glasses. The behavioral activity of the larvae was observed at different time points for 5 days. It was found that chironomid larvae exhibit different responses to exposure to coagulant and chlorine, with coagulation causing the formation of flocs that cover the larval body as a protective measure. Conversely, exposure to chlorine causes a decrease in activity and growth, leading to the death of the larvae and subsequent melting. The results showed that the first instar larvae dead after 48 h of exposure to coagulation treatment, while the first instar larvae exposed to chlorination experienced mortality after a mere 5 min of exposure to 10–20 mg/L as Cl. The larvae can still grow and transform into pupae and adults, especially during the third and fourth instars, even after exposure to coagulant and chlorine with low dosage. These findings suggest that the floc generated during coagulation must be thoroughly cleaned, as it may contain larvae that can persist and develop further. Furthermore, the presence of larvae during the chlorination process highlights the need for alternative, more effective oxidants to be utilized in place of the conventional chlorine treatment. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:23:36Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
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| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-d085163a7dc6451daa80514e7f95f3a02023-11-17T22:37:48ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-05-01139571510.3390/app13095715Assessing the Efficacy of Coagulation (Al<sup>3+</sup>) and Chlorination in Water Treatment Plant Processes: Inactivating Chironomid Larvae for Improved Tap Water QualityHaerul Hidayaturrahman0Hyuk Jun Kwon1Yumeng Bao2Shaik Gouse Peera3Tae Gwan Lee4Department of Environmental Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Environmental Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Environmental Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Environmental Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Environmental Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of KoreaIn response to the finding of chironomid larvae in tap water, South Korea’s water treatment system has stepped up water quality monitoring. However, due to the challenging nature of larval behavior, effective elimination remains difficult despite the use of various purification techniques such as coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Based on it, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of coagulation and chlorination in inactivating chironomid larvae and investigate their behavior. The coagulation experiment tested how the behavior of the larvae changed in water with a high turbidity level of ±100 mg/L and 2 mg/L Al<sup>3+</sup> as a coagulant, compared to water with a lower turbidity level of ±30 mg/L and 1 mg/L of Al<sup>3+</sup> as a coagulant. The larvae were exposed to various doses of chlorine (0.5–20 mg/L as Cl) in 500 mL beaker glasses. The behavioral activity of the larvae was observed at different time points for 5 days. It was found that chironomid larvae exhibit different responses to exposure to coagulant and chlorine, with coagulation causing the formation of flocs that cover the larval body as a protective measure. Conversely, exposure to chlorine causes a decrease in activity and growth, leading to the death of the larvae and subsequent melting. The results showed that the first instar larvae dead after 48 h of exposure to coagulation treatment, while the first instar larvae exposed to chlorination experienced mortality after a mere 5 min of exposure to 10–20 mg/L as Cl. The larvae can still grow and transform into pupae and adults, especially during the third and fourth instars, even after exposure to coagulant and chlorine with low dosage. These findings suggest that the floc generated during coagulation must be thoroughly cleaned, as it may contain larvae that can persist and develop further. Furthermore, the presence of larvae during the chlorination process highlights the need for alternative, more effective oxidants to be utilized in place of the conventional chlorine treatment.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/9/5715inactivitychironomid larvaecoagulationAl<sup>3+</sup>chlorinationwater treatment |
| spellingShingle | Haerul Hidayaturrahman Hyuk Jun Kwon Yumeng Bao Shaik Gouse Peera Tae Gwan Lee Assessing the Efficacy of Coagulation (Al<sup>3+</sup>) and Chlorination in Water Treatment Plant Processes: Inactivating Chironomid Larvae for Improved Tap Water Quality Applied Sciences inactivity chironomid larvae coagulation Al<sup>3+</sup> chlorination water treatment |
| title | Assessing the Efficacy of Coagulation (Al<sup>3+</sup>) and Chlorination in Water Treatment Plant Processes: Inactivating Chironomid Larvae for Improved Tap Water Quality |
| title_full | Assessing the Efficacy of Coagulation (Al<sup>3+</sup>) and Chlorination in Water Treatment Plant Processes: Inactivating Chironomid Larvae for Improved Tap Water Quality |
| title_fullStr | Assessing the Efficacy of Coagulation (Al<sup>3+</sup>) and Chlorination in Water Treatment Plant Processes: Inactivating Chironomid Larvae for Improved Tap Water Quality |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessing the Efficacy of Coagulation (Al<sup>3+</sup>) and Chlorination in Water Treatment Plant Processes: Inactivating Chironomid Larvae for Improved Tap Water Quality |
| title_short | Assessing the Efficacy of Coagulation (Al<sup>3+</sup>) and Chlorination in Water Treatment Plant Processes: Inactivating Chironomid Larvae for Improved Tap Water Quality |
| title_sort | assessing the efficacy of coagulation al sup 3 sup and chlorination in water treatment plant processes inactivating chironomid larvae for improved tap water quality |
| topic | inactivity chironomid larvae coagulation Al<sup>3+</sup> chlorination water treatment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/9/5715 |
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