The effect of electron beam irradiation and fillers on natural rubber prepared by latex mixing: A Small and Wide Angle X-ray scattering study
The natural rubber (NR) cured by electron beam (EB) irradiation prepared by latex mixing was studied via small angle and wide angle x-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) techniques for the first time. In this study, the effect of EB irradiation doses (100–250 kGy) and fillers (graphene nanoplatelets (GE)...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Results in Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123022003772 |
| _version_ | 1811329857605337088 |
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| author | Worawat Jansomboon Sirinart Chio-Srichan Surapich Loykulnant Paweena Prapainainar |
| author_facet | Worawat Jansomboon Sirinart Chio-Srichan Surapich Loykulnant Paweena Prapainainar |
| author_sort | Worawat Jansomboon |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The natural rubber (NR) cured by electron beam (EB) irradiation prepared by latex mixing was studied via small angle and wide angle x-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) techniques for the first time. In this study, the effect of EB irradiation doses (100–250 kGy) and fillers (graphene nanoplatelets (GE), mixture of silica and graphene nanoplatelets (TSi/20%GE) on the mean distance of crosslink and strain-induced crystallization were investigated. The SAXS experiments revealed that the maximum position of the plot (qmax) was increased from 1.76 nm to 1 to 1.99 nm-1, indicating that the mean distance between crosslinks of NR decreased due to the occurrence of crosslink networks after EB irradiation processes. It was found that the mean distance between crosslinks of all EB-irradiated NR was insignificantly different (qmax ∼ 1.94–1.99 nm−1) although the higher crosslink density was found in NR with the higher EB dose. Likewise, the addition of fillers did not also affect the mean distance between crosslinks of NR. The discussion led to the conclusion that the mean distance of NR depended on the type of crosslink networks. The WAXS study revealed that the intensities of crystallinity reflection peaks increased in the function of EB irradiation dose. It can be seen in all NR types that molecular chains of NR were still in amorphous regions although the high stretching was applied. Additionally, the crystallinity percentage of EB-irradiated NR in stretching mode was always lower than that in retraction mode, which the highest crystallinity percentage was found in the case of NR250 (41.89% crystallinity at 500% strain). Based on WAXS results, the conclusions were in agreement with NR cured by other vulcanization systems. Finally, it was found that addition of TSi/20%GE in NR pulled down the level of strain – induced crystallization, which the crystallinity percentage was 27.75% at 500% strain, while the crystallinity percentage of NR added GE was 36.19% at the same strain. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T15:51:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d0e84fe1f2884aaeafa9aefb67dc7c28 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2590-1230 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T15:51:24Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Results in Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-d0e84fe1f2884aaeafa9aefb67dc7c282022-12-22T02:40:50ZengElsevierResults in Engineering2590-12302022-12-0116100707The effect of electron beam irradiation and fillers on natural rubber prepared by latex mixing: A Small and Wide Angle X-ray scattering studyWorawat Jansomboon0Sirinart Chio-Srichan1Surapich Loykulnant2Paweena Prapainainar3National Center of Excellence for Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advance Material, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, ThailandSynchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), 111 University Avenue, Suranaree, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, ThailandNational Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd, Klong 1, KlongLuang, PathumThani, 12120, ThailandNational Center of Excellence for Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advance Material, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Department of Chemistry and NANOTEC Center for Nanoscale Materials Design for Green Nanotechnology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Corresponding author. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineer, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Ladyao, Jatujak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.The natural rubber (NR) cured by electron beam (EB) irradiation prepared by latex mixing was studied via small angle and wide angle x-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) techniques for the first time. In this study, the effect of EB irradiation doses (100–250 kGy) and fillers (graphene nanoplatelets (GE), mixture of silica and graphene nanoplatelets (TSi/20%GE) on the mean distance of crosslink and strain-induced crystallization were investigated. The SAXS experiments revealed that the maximum position of the plot (qmax) was increased from 1.76 nm to 1 to 1.99 nm-1, indicating that the mean distance between crosslinks of NR decreased due to the occurrence of crosslink networks after EB irradiation processes. It was found that the mean distance between crosslinks of all EB-irradiated NR was insignificantly different (qmax ∼ 1.94–1.99 nm−1) although the higher crosslink density was found in NR with the higher EB dose. Likewise, the addition of fillers did not also affect the mean distance between crosslinks of NR. The discussion led to the conclusion that the mean distance of NR depended on the type of crosslink networks. The WAXS study revealed that the intensities of crystallinity reflection peaks increased in the function of EB irradiation dose. It can be seen in all NR types that molecular chains of NR were still in amorphous regions although the high stretching was applied. Additionally, the crystallinity percentage of EB-irradiated NR in stretching mode was always lower than that in retraction mode, which the highest crystallinity percentage was found in the case of NR250 (41.89% crystallinity at 500% strain). Based on WAXS results, the conclusions were in agreement with NR cured by other vulcanization systems. Finally, it was found that addition of TSi/20%GE in NR pulled down the level of strain – induced crystallization, which the crystallinity percentage was 27.75% at 500% strain, while the crystallinity percentage of NR added GE was 36.19% at the same strain.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123022003772Natural rubberElectron beam irradiationGraphene nanoplateletsSmall angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS)Synchrotron |
| spellingShingle | Worawat Jansomboon Sirinart Chio-Srichan Surapich Loykulnant Paweena Prapainainar The effect of electron beam irradiation and fillers on natural rubber prepared by latex mixing: A Small and Wide Angle X-ray scattering study Results in Engineering Natural rubber Electron beam irradiation Graphene nanoplatelets Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) Synchrotron |
| title | The effect of electron beam irradiation and fillers on natural rubber prepared by latex mixing: A Small and Wide Angle X-ray scattering study |
| title_full | The effect of electron beam irradiation and fillers on natural rubber prepared by latex mixing: A Small and Wide Angle X-ray scattering study |
| title_fullStr | The effect of electron beam irradiation and fillers on natural rubber prepared by latex mixing: A Small and Wide Angle X-ray scattering study |
| title_full_unstemmed | The effect of electron beam irradiation and fillers on natural rubber prepared by latex mixing: A Small and Wide Angle X-ray scattering study |
| title_short | The effect of electron beam irradiation and fillers on natural rubber prepared by latex mixing: A Small and Wide Angle X-ray scattering study |
| title_sort | effect of electron beam irradiation and fillers on natural rubber prepared by latex mixing a small and wide angle x ray scattering study |
| topic | Natural rubber Electron beam irradiation Graphene nanoplatelets Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) Synchrotron |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123022003772 |
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