Trends in PM<sub>2.5</sub> Concentration in Nagoya, Japan, from 2003 to 2018 and Impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Countermeasures
In Japan, various countermeasures have been undertaken to reduce the atmospheric concentration of fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>). We evaluated the extent to which these countermeasures were effective in reducing PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations by analyzing the lon...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/5/590 |
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| author | Makiko Yamagami Fumikazu Ikemori Hironori Nakashima Kunihiro Hisatsune Kayo Ueda Shinji Wakamatsu Kazuo Osada |
| author_facet | Makiko Yamagami Fumikazu Ikemori Hironori Nakashima Kunihiro Hisatsune Kayo Ueda Shinji Wakamatsu Kazuo Osada |
| author_sort | Makiko Yamagami |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In Japan, various countermeasures have been undertaken to reduce the atmospheric concentration of fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>). We evaluated the extent to which these countermeasures were effective in reducing PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations by analyzing the long-term concentration trends of the major components of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and their emissions in Nagoya City. PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations decreased by 53% over the 16-year period from fiscal years 2003 to 2018 in Nagoya City. Elemental carbon (EC) was the component of PM<sub>2.5</sub> with the greatest decrease in concentration over the 16 years, decreasing by 4.3 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, followed by SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> (3.0 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), organic carbon (OC) (2.0 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> (1.6 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (1.3 μg/m<sup>3</sup>). The decrease in EC concentration was found to be caused largely by the effect of diesel emission control. OC concentrations decreased because of the effects of volatile organic compound (VOC) emission regulations for stationary sources and reductions in VOCs emitted by vehicles and construction machinery. NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> concentrations decreased alongside decreased contributions from vehicles, construction machinery, and stationary sources, in descending order of the magnitude of decrease. Although these findings identify some source control measures that have been effective in reducing PM<sub>2.5</sub>, they also reveal the ineffectiveness of some recent countermeasures for various components, such as those targeting OC concentrations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:45:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d0fdb3d348cc4f7480ea3bc130ee8d21 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:45:38Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-d0fdb3d348cc4f7480ea3bc130ee8d212023-11-21T18:10:22ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332021-05-0112559010.3390/atmos12050590Trends in PM<sub>2.5</sub> Concentration in Nagoya, Japan, from 2003 to 2018 and Impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> CountermeasuresMakiko Yamagami0Fumikazu Ikemori1Hironori Nakashima2Kunihiro Hisatsune3Kayo Ueda4Shinji Wakamatsu5Kazuo Osada6Nagoya City Institute for Environmental Sciences, Nagoya 457-0841, JapanNagoya City Institute for Environmental Sciences, Nagoya 457-0841, JapanNagoya City Institute for Environmental Sciences, Nagoya 457-0841, JapanNagoya City Institute for Environmental Sciences, Nagoya 457-0841, JapanGraduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8540, JapanInstitute of Integrated Atmospheric Environment, Tokyo 112-0004, JapanGraduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, JapanIn Japan, various countermeasures have been undertaken to reduce the atmospheric concentration of fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>). We evaluated the extent to which these countermeasures were effective in reducing PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations by analyzing the long-term concentration trends of the major components of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and their emissions in Nagoya City. PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations decreased by 53% over the 16-year period from fiscal years 2003 to 2018 in Nagoya City. Elemental carbon (EC) was the component of PM<sub>2.5</sub> with the greatest decrease in concentration over the 16 years, decreasing by 4.3 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, followed by SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> (3.0 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), organic carbon (OC) (2.0 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> (1.6 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (1.3 μg/m<sup>3</sup>). The decrease in EC concentration was found to be caused largely by the effect of diesel emission control. OC concentrations decreased because of the effects of volatile organic compound (VOC) emission regulations for stationary sources and reductions in VOCs emitted by vehicles and construction machinery. NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> concentrations decreased alongside decreased contributions from vehicles, construction machinery, and stationary sources, in descending order of the magnitude of decrease. Although these findings identify some source control measures that have been effective in reducing PM<sub>2.5</sub>, they also reveal the ineffectiveness of some recent countermeasures for various components, such as those targeting OC concentrations.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/5/590PM<sub>2.5</sub>elemental carbonorganic carbonurban air pollutionlong-term trendpollution countermeasure |
| spellingShingle | Makiko Yamagami Fumikazu Ikemori Hironori Nakashima Kunihiro Hisatsune Kayo Ueda Shinji Wakamatsu Kazuo Osada Trends in PM<sub>2.5</sub> Concentration in Nagoya, Japan, from 2003 to 2018 and Impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Countermeasures Atmosphere PM<sub>2.5</sub> elemental carbon organic carbon urban air pollution long-term trend pollution countermeasure |
| title | Trends in PM<sub>2.5</sub> Concentration in Nagoya, Japan, from 2003 to 2018 and Impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Countermeasures |
| title_full | Trends in PM<sub>2.5</sub> Concentration in Nagoya, Japan, from 2003 to 2018 and Impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Countermeasures |
| title_fullStr | Trends in PM<sub>2.5</sub> Concentration in Nagoya, Japan, from 2003 to 2018 and Impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Countermeasures |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trends in PM<sub>2.5</sub> Concentration in Nagoya, Japan, from 2003 to 2018 and Impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Countermeasures |
| title_short | Trends in PM<sub>2.5</sub> Concentration in Nagoya, Japan, from 2003 to 2018 and Impacts of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Countermeasures |
| title_sort | trends in pm sub 2 5 sub concentration in nagoya japan from 2003 to 2018 and impacts of pm sub 2 5 sub countermeasures |
| topic | PM<sub>2.5</sub> elemental carbon organic carbon urban air pollution long-term trend pollution countermeasure |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/5/590 |
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