Hypomagnesemia in diabetes patients: comparison of serum and intracellular measurement of responses to magnesium supplementation and its role in inflammation
Nadia Zghoul,1 Nada Alam-Eldin,1 Ivan Tong Mak,2 Burton Silver,3 William B Weglicki2 1Clinical Research Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait, Kuwait; 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; 3Intracellular Diagnostics, Inc.&...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Dove Medical Press
2018-08-01
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| Series: | Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity |
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| Online Access: | https://www.dovepress.com/hypomagnesemia-in-diabetes-patients-comparison-of-serum-and-intracellu-peer-reviewed-article-DMSO |
| _version_ | 1797712228066000896 |
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| author | Zghoul N Alam-Eldin N Mak IT Silver B Weglicki WB |
| author_facet | Zghoul N Alam-Eldin N Mak IT Silver B Weglicki WB |
| author_sort | Zghoul N |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nadia Zghoul,1 Nada Alam-Eldin,1 Ivan Tong Mak,2 Burton Silver,3 William B Weglicki2 1Clinical Research Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait, Kuwait; 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; 3Intracellular Diagnostics, Inc.®, Medford, OR, USA Purpose: In this clinical trial, we assessed the efficacy of magnesium (Mg) supplementation in hypomagnesemic type 2 diabetes patients in restoring serum and intracellular Mg levels. The study had two coprimary end points: the change in serum and intracellular Mg level between baseline and after 3 months of supplementation. We compared the efficacy with regard to lowering hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and 8-isoprostane as secondary end points. Patients and methods: In an open-label trial, 47 hypomagnesemic type 2 diabetes patients were administered 336 mg Mg daily. At baseline and after 3 months, serum, cellular Mg, and inflammation biomarkers were measured. For intracellular Mg levels, sublingual epithelial cells were analyzed by analytical scanning electron microscopy using computerized elemental X-ray analysis. Blood samples were analyzed for Mg, creatinine, HbA1c, and CRP. Systemic inflammatory markers including TNF-α and the oxidative stress marker 8-isoprostane were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Mg supplementation significantly increased the intracellular and serum levels. Statistically clinical improvement in HbA1c and CRP levels was not observed, but significant decreases in TNF-α as well as in 8-isoprostane were found. Conclusion: A feasible clinical method for the assessment of intracellular Mg was demonstrated in tissue samples obtained noninvasively, providing evidence for potential clinical translation of this method to routinely determine intracellular Mg concentration. Keywords: hypomagnesemia, type 2 diabetes, intracellular magnesium, elemental X-ray analysis |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T07:18:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d12247186ff844e7a723ab67d0dec076 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1178-7007 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T07:18:34Z |
| publishDate | 2018-08-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity |
| spelling | doaj.art-d12247186ff844e7a723ab67d0dec0762023-09-02T22:39:33ZengDove Medical PressDiabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity1178-70072018-08-01Volume 1138940039656Hypomagnesemia in diabetes patients: comparison of serum and intracellular measurement of responses to magnesium supplementation and its role in inflammationZghoul NAlam-Eldin NMak ITSilver BWeglicki WBNadia Zghoul,1 Nada Alam-Eldin,1 Ivan Tong Mak,2 Burton Silver,3 William B Weglicki2 1Clinical Research Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait, Kuwait; 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; 3Intracellular Diagnostics, Inc.®, Medford, OR, USA Purpose: In this clinical trial, we assessed the efficacy of magnesium (Mg) supplementation in hypomagnesemic type 2 diabetes patients in restoring serum and intracellular Mg levels. The study had two coprimary end points: the change in serum and intracellular Mg level between baseline and after 3 months of supplementation. We compared the efficacy with regard to lowering hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and 8-isoprostane as secondary end points. Patients and methods: In an open-label trial, 47 hypomagnesemic type 2 diabetes patients were administered 336 mg Mg daily. At baseline and after 3 months, serum, cellular Mg, and inflammation biomarkers were measured. For intracellular Mg levels, sublingual epithelial cells were analyzed by analytical scanning electron microscopy using computerized elemental X-ray analysis. Blood samples were analyzed for Mg, creatinine, HbA1c, and CRP. Systemic inflammatory markers including TNF-α and the oxidative stress marker 8-isoprostane were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Mg supplementation significantly increased the intracellular and serum levels. Statistically clinical improvement in HbA1c and CRP levels was not observed, but significant decreases in TNF-α as well as in 8-isoprostane were found. Conclusion: A feasible clinical method for the assessment of intracellular Mg was demonstrated in tissue samples obtained noninvasively, providing evidence for potential clinical translation of this method to routinely determine intracellular Mg concentration. Keywords: hypomagnesemia, type 2 diabetes, intracellular magnesium, elemental X-ray analysishttps://www.dovepress.com/hypomagnesemia-in-diabetes-patients-comparison-of-serum-and-intracellu-peer-reviewed-article-DMSOHypomagnesemiatype 2 diabetesintracellular magnesiumelemental X ray analysis |
| spellingShingle | Zghoul N Alam-Eldin N Mak IT Silver B Weglicki WB Hypomagnesemia in diabetes patients: comparison of serum and intracellular measurement of responses to magnesium supplementation and its role in inflammation Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity Hypomagnesemia type 2 diabetes intracellular magnesium elemental X ray analysis |
| title | Hypomagnesemia in diabetes patients: comparison of serum and intracellular measurement of responses to magnesium supplementation and its role in inflammation |
| title_full | Hypomagnesemia in diabetes patients: comparison of serum and intracellular measurement of responses to magnesium supplementation and its role in inflammation |
| title_fullStr | Hypomagnesemia in diabetes patients: comparison of serum and intracellular measurement of responses to magnesium supplementation and its role in inflammation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hypomagnesemia in diabetes patients: comparison of serum and intracellular measurement of responses to magnesium supplementation and its role in inflammation |
| title_short | Hypomagnesemia in diabetes patients: comparison of serum and intracellular measurement of responses to magnesium supplementation and its role in inflammation |
| title_sort | hypomagnesemia in diabetes patients comparison of serum and intracellular measurement of responses to magnesium supplementation and its role in inflammation |
| topic | Hypomagnesemia type 2 diabetes intracellular magnesium elemental X ray analysis |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/hypomagnesemia-in-diabetes-patients-comparison-of-serum-and-intracellu-peer-reviewed-article-DMSO |
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