Immune Landscape of Breast Cancers
Breast cancer is a very heterogeneous disease, both at a molecular and a histological level. Five intrinsic subtypes were initially identified—Luminal-A, Luminal-B, HER2+, Triple negative/basal like (TNBC) and normal like—subsequently expanded to seven (Basal-like-1 and 2, mesenchymal, mesenchymal s...
| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2018-02-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/6/1/20 |
| _version_ | 1818949932086722560 |
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| author | Divya Nagarajan Stephanie E. B. McArdle |
| author_facet | Divya Nagarajan Stephanie E. B. McArdle |
| author_sort | Divya Nagarajan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Breast cancer is a very heterogeneous disease, both at a molecular and a histological level. Five intrinsic subtypes were initially identified—Luminal-A, Luminal-B, HER2+, Triple negative/basal like (TNBC) and normal like—subsequently expanded to seven (Basal-like-1 and 2, mesenchymal, mesenchymal stem-like, luminal androgen receptor, immuno-modulatory and unstable). Although genetic and epigenetic changes are key pathogenic events, the immune system plays a substantial role in promoting progression and metastasis. This review will discuss the extent to which immune cells can be detected within the tumor microenvironment, as well as their prognostic role and relationship with the microbiome, with an emphasis on TNBC. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T09:10:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d1266d2238654928814d7f33c893073f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T09:10:33Z |
| publishDate | 2018-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj.art-d1266d2238654928814d7f33c893073f2022-12-21T19:45:35ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592018-02-01612010.3390/biomedicines6010020biomedicines6010020Immune Landscape of Breast CancersDivya Nagarajan0Stephanie E. B. McArdle1Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 8NS, UKNottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 8NS, UKBreast cancer is a very heterogeneous disease, both at a molecular and a histological level. Five intrinsic subtypes were initially identified—Luminal-A, Luminal-B, HER2+, Triple negative/basal like (TNBC) and normal like—subsequently expanded to seven (Basal-like-1 and 2, mesenchymal, mesenchymal stem-like, luminal androgen receptor, immuno-modulatory and unstable). Although genetic and epigenetic changes are key pathogenic events, the immune system plays a substantial role in promoting progression and metastasis. This review will discuss the extent to which immune cells can be detected within the tumor microenvironment, as well as their prognostic role and relationship with the microbiome, with an emphasis on TNBC.http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/6/1/20breast cancerTNBCimmune infiltratemicroenvironmentprognosismicrobiomechemotherapy |
| spellingShingle | Divya Nagarajan Stephanie E. B. McArdle Immune Landscape of Breast Cancers Biomedicines breast cancer TNBC immune infiltrate microenvironment prognosis microbiome chemotherapy |
| title | Immune Landscape of Breast Cancers |
| title_full | Immune Landscape of Breast Cancers |
| title_fullStr | Immune Landscape of Breast Cancers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immune Landscape of Breast Cancers |
| title_short | Immune Landscape of Breast Cancers |
| title_sort | immune landscape of breast cancers |
| topic | breast cancer TNBC immune infiltrate microenvironment prognosis microbiome chemotherapy |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/6/1/20 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT divyanagarajan immunelandscapeofbreastcancers AT stephanieebmcardle immunelandscapeofbreastcancers |