Biosensors Based on Stanniocalcin-1 Protein Antibodies Thin Films for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis
Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent tumors in men, accounting for about 7.3% of cancer deaths. Although there are several strategies for diagnosing prostate cancer, these are only accurate when the tumor is already at a very advanced stage, so early diagnosis is essential. Stanniocalcin 1 (...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Biosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/11/981 |
| _version_ | 1797460003245785088 |
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| author | Renato Ferreira Paulo A. Ribeiro Adelino V. M. Canário Maria Raposo |
| author_facet | Renato Ferreira Paulo A. Ribeiro Adelino V. M. Canário Maria Raposo |
| author_sort | Renato Ferreira |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent tumors in men, accounting for about 7.3% of cancer deaths. Although there are several strategies for diagnosing prostate cancer, these are only accurate when the tumor is already at a very advanced stage, so early diagnosis is essential. Stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) is a secreted glycoprotein, which has been suggested as a tumor marker as its increased expression is associated with the development and/or progression of different types of malignant tumors. In this work, an electronic tongue (ET) prototype, based on a set of four sensors prepared from thin films that included STC1 antibodies for detecting prostate cancer, was developed. In the preparation of the thin films, polyelectrolytes of polyallylamine hydrochloride, polystyrene sulfonate of sodium and polyethyleneimine, and the biomolecules chitosan, protein A, and STC1 antibody were used. These films were deposited on quartz lamellae and on solid supports using layer-on-layer and self-assembly techniques. The deposition of the films was analyzed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and the detection of STC1 in aqueous solutions of PBS was analyzed by impedance spectroscopy. The impedance data were statistically analyzed using principal component analysis. The ETs formed by the four sensors and the three best sensors could detect the antigen at concentrations in the range from 5 × 10<sup>−11</sup> to 5 × 10<sup>−4</sup> M. They showed a linear dependence with the logarithm of the antigen concentration and a sensitivity of 5371 ± 820 and 4863 ± 634 per decade of concentration, respectively. Finally, the results allow us to conclude that this prototype can advance to the calibration phase with patient samples. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:58:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d1a27711935543e4bbd56d7b78f5463e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6374 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:58:59Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-d1a27711935543e4bbd56d7b78f5463e2023-11-24T14:32:25ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742023-11-01131198110.3390/bios13110981Biosensors Based on Stanniocalcin-1 Protein Antibodies Thin Films for Prostate Cancer DiagnosisRenato Ferreira0Paulo A. Ribeiro1Adelino V. M. Canário2Maria Raposo3Laboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, PortugalLaboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, PortugalCentre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, PortugalLaboratory of Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics (LIBPhys-UNL), Department of Physics, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, PortugalProstate cancer is one of the most prevalent tumors in men, accounting for about 7.3% of cancer deaths. Although there are several strategies for diagnosing prostate cancer, these are only accurate when the tumor is already at a very advanced stage, so early diagnosis is essential. Stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) is a secreted glycoprotein, which has been suggested as a tumor marker as its increased expression is associated with the development and/or progression of different types of malignant tumors. In this work, an electronic tongue (ET) prototype, based on a set of four sensors prepared from thin films that included STC1 antibodies for detecting prostate cancer, was developed. In the preparation of the thin films, polyelectrolytes of polyallylamine hydrochloride, polystyrene sulfonate of sodium and polyethyleneimine, and the biomolecules chitosan, protein A, and STC1 antibody were used. These films were deposited on quartz lamellae and on solid supports using layer-on-layer and self-assembly techniques. The deposition of the films was analyzed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and the detection of STC1 in aqueous solutions of PBS was analyzed by impedance spectroscopy. The impedance data were statistically analyzed using principal component analysis. The ETs formed by the four sensors and the three best sensors could detect the antigen at concentrations in the range from 5 × 10<sup>−11</sup> to 5 × 10<sup>−4</sup> M. They showed a linear dependence with the logarithm of the antigen concentration and a sensitivity of 5371 ± 820 and 4863 ± 634 per decade of concentration, respectively. Finally, the results allow us to conclude that this prototype can advance to the calibration phase with patient samples.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/11/981prostate cancerelectronic tonguestanniocalcinSTC1layer-by-layer filmspolyelectrolytes |
| spellingShingle | Renato Ferreira Paulo A. Ribeiro Adelino V. M. Canário Maria Raposo Biosensors Based on Stanniocalcin-1 Protein Antibodies Thin Films for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Biosensors prostate cancer electronic tongue stanniocalcin STC1 layer-by-layer films polyelectrolytes |
| title | Biosensors Based on Stanniocalcin-1 Protein Antibodies Thin Films for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis |
| title_full | Biosensors Based on Stanniocalcin-1 Protein Antibodies Thin Films for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis |
| title_fullStr | Biosensors Based on Stanniocalcin-1 Protein Antibodies Thin Films for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biosensors Based on Stanniocalcin-1 Protein Antibodies Thin Films for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis |
| title_short | Biosensors Based on Stanniocalcin-1 Protein Antibodies Thin Films for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis |
| title_sort | biosensors based on stanniocalcin 1 protein antibodies thin films for prostate cancer diagnosis |
| topic | prostate cancer electronic tongue stanniocalcin STC1 layer-by-layer films polyelectrolytes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/11/981 |
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