Tram to Pedestrian Collisions—Priorities and Potentials
To improve mobility in cities in line with environmental goals, in urban traffic, trams represent an increasingly important means of transport. Due to the close interaction with other road users, this makes collisions with trams fairly frequent. This study has investigated accidents between trams an...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Future Transportation |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffutr.2022.913887/full |
| _version_ | 1818217253504548864 |
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| author | Christian Lackner Philipp Heinzl Maria C. Rizzi Christoph Leo Martin Schachner Petr Pokorny Peter Klager David Buetzer Rune Elvik Astrid Linder Astrid Linder Corina Klug |
| author_facet | Christian Lackner Philipp Heinzl Maria C. Rizzi Christoph Leo Martin Schachner Petr Pokorny Peter Klager David Buetzer Rune Elvik Astrid Linder Astrid Linder Corina Klug |
| author_sort | Christian Lackner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To improve mobility in cities in line with environmental goals, in urban traffic, trams represent an increasingly important means of transport. Due to the close interaction with other road users, this makes collisions with trams fairly frequent. This study has investigated accidents between trams and vulnerable road users resulting in personal injury, aimed at identifying priorities for simulating collisions between trams and pedestrians to assess passive safety measures. Tram accident data collection established throughout Europe from multiple sources and with varying degree of details, have been combined and analysed. These analyses comprise risk assessments per km-driven and general tram accident partner and site type evaluations, with more detailed analyses on accident site distance to the closest tram stop and injured body regions, respectively. In total, 7,535 tram-pedestrian accident resulting in 8,802 pedestrian injuries, collected in the year 2000–2021, was analysed. Accident risk ranges from 0.934 accidents per number of tram (million) km-driven, for slight injuries to 0.063 for fatal injuries. Pedestrians represent a large proportion of tram accident collision partners, especially for severe and fatal accidents. In accidents between trams and pedestrians, 3% of reported injuries are fatal, 23% severe and 74% minor. Generally, low-speed accidents close to tram stops often leading to minor injuries were observed to be of significant importance (<20m to the GPS location of a stop). Analysis of accidents was done bases on gender of the pedestrian showing overall similar involvements in accident with slight difference for various age groups and sites. Regardless of injury severity, the most frequently injured body region in accidents involving a tram is the head. Likewise, injuries sustained to the thorax, especially for higher injury severities are of high relevance, followed by injuries to the lower extremities. Based on this study, recommendations for developing reasonable tram-pedestrian accident scenarios for virtual testing can be derived for further optimisation of pedestrian safety of trams. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T07:04:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d1e2c8400b7c41408d64a7a7aecf2409 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2673-5210 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T07:04:56Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Future Transportation |
| spelling | doaj.art-d1e2c8400b7c41408d64a7a7aecf24092022-12-22T00:33:46ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Future Transportation2673-52102022-06-01310.3389/ffutr.2022.913887913887Tram to Pedestrian Collisions—Priorities and PotentialsChristian Lackner0Philipp Heinzl1Maria C. Rizzi2Christoph Leo3Martin Schachner4Petr Pokorny5Peter Klager6David Buetzer7Rune Elvik8Astrid Linder9Astrid Linder10Corina Klug11System Engineering, Siemens Mobility Austria GmbH, Vienna, AustriaSystem Engineering, Siemens Mobility Austria GmbH, Vienna, AustriaSwedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, VTI, Linköping, SwedenVehicle Safety Institute, Graz University of Technology, Graz, AustriaVehicle Safety Institute, Graz University of Technology, Graz, AustriaInstitute of Transport Economics, TØI, Oslo, NorwaySystem Engineering, Siemens Mobility Austria GmbH, Vienna, AustriaAccident Research and Prevention, AXA, Winterthur, SwitzerlandInstitute of Transport Economics, TØI, Oslo, NorwaySwedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, VTI, Linköping, SwedenVehicle Safety Division, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Science, Chalmers University, Gothenburg, SwedenVehicle Safety Institute, Graz University of Technology, Graz, AustriaTo improve mobility in cities in line with environmental goals, in urban traffic, trams represent an increasingly important means of transport. Due to the close interaction with other road users, this makes collisions with trams fairly frequent. This study has investigated accidents between trams and vulnerable road users resulting in personal injury, aimed at identifying priorities for simulating collisions between trams and pedestrians to assess passive safety measures. Tram accident data collection established throughout Europe from multiple sources and with varying degree of details, have been combined and analysed. These analyses comprise risk assessments per km-driven and general tram accident partner and site type evaluations, with more detailed analyses on accident site distance to the closest tram stop and injured body regions, respectively. In total, 7,535 tram-pedestrian accident resulting in 8,802 pedestrian injuries, collected in the year 2000–2021, was analysed. Accident risk ranges from 0.934 accidents per number of tram (million) km-driven, for slight injuries to 0.063 for fatal injuries. Pedestrians represent a large proportion of tram accident collision partners, especially for severe and fatal accidents. In accidents between trams and pedestrians, 3% of reported injuries are fatal, 23% severe and 74% minor. Generally, low-speed accidents close to tram stops often leading to minor injuries were observed to be of significant importance (<20m to the GPS location of a stop). Analysis of accidents was done bases on gender of the pedestrian showing overall similar involvements in accident with slight difference for various age groups and sites. Regardless of injury severity, the most frequently injured body region in accidents involving a tram is the head. Likewise, injuries sustained to the thorax, especially for higher injury severities are of high relevance, followed by injuries to the lower extremities. Based on this study, recommendations for developing reasonable tram-pedestrian accident scenarios for virtual testing can be derived for further optimisation of pedestrian safety of trams.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffutr.2022.913887/fullTrampublic transportpedestrianinjury severityaccidentinjuries |
| spellingShingle | Christian Lackner Philipp Heinzl Maria C. Rizzi Christoph Leo Martin Schachner Petr Pokorny Peter Klager David Buetzer Rune Elvik Astrid Linder Astrid Linder Corina Klug Tram to Pedestrian Collisions—Priorities and Potentials Frontiers in Future Transportation Tram public transport pedestrian injury severity accident injuries |
| title | Tram to Pedestrian Collisions—Priorities and Potentials |
| title_full | Tram to Pedestrian Collisions—Priorities and Potentials |
| title_fullStr | Tram to Pedestrian Collisions—Priorities and Potentials |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tram to Pedestrian Collisions—Priorities and Potentials |
| title_short | Tram to Pedestrian Collisions—Priorities and Potentials |
| title_sort | tram to pedestrian collisions priorities and potentials |
| topic | Tram public transport pedestrian injury severity accident injuries |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffutr.2022.913887/full |
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