Club Drugs: Psychotropic Effects and Psychopathological Characteristics of a Sample of Inpatients
BackgroundGrowing evidence supports the possibility of significant psychiatric consequences related to novel and traditional psychoactive substance consumption. The problem of differential diagnosis has hampered research on specific psychopathologies with unclear outcomes. The aim of our study was t...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00879/full |
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| author | Giovanni Martinotti Giovanni Martinotti Attilio Negri Attilio Negri Stefania Schiavone Chiara Montemitro Chiara Vannini Gaia Baroni Mauro Pettorruso Fabio De Giorgio Fabio De Giorgio Raffaele Giorgetti Valeria Verrastro Luigia Trabace Andres Garcia Ivan Castro Juan Iglesias Lopez Cristina Merino Del Villar Fabrizio Schifano Massimo di Giannantonio |
| author_facet | Giovanni Martinotti Giovanni Martinotti Attilio Negri Attilio Negri Stefania Schiavone Chiara Montemitro Chiara Vannini Gaia Baroni Mauro Pettorruso Fabio De Giorgio Fabio De Giorgio Raffaele Giorgetti Valeria Verrastro Luigia Trabace Andres Garcia Ivan Castro Juan Iglesias Lopez Cristina Merino Del Villar Fabrizio Schifano Massimo di Giannantonio |
| author_sort | Giovanni Martinotti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundGrowing evidence supports the possibility of significant psychiatric consequences related to novel and traditional psychoactive substance consumption. The problem of differential diagnosis has hampered research on specific psychopathologies with unclear outcomes. The aim of our study was to report psychiatric and clinical features of subjects admitted to a psychiatric ward in Ibiza, Spain, with a clinical diagnosis of substance abuse or intoxication.MethodsA survey was administered to a sample of inpatients hospitalized due to psychiatric symptoms related to recent use of psychoactive substances. The questionnaire investigated sociodemographic factors, familiar and personal anamnesis, substance use habits, general and psychopathological features. Urine samples were collected and analyzed in a toxicology laboratory using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.ResultsA total of 110 patients were included in the study. Most patients (70%) declared multiple substance use, and 33% of patients reported more than two substances; nevertheless, it was possible to identify 17 (15%) depressor users, 44 (40%) stimulant users and 49 (45%) psychodysleptics users. A positive association with a lifetime diagnosis of bipolar disorder was found (two-tailed Fisher’s exact test: p = 0.013). Psychomotor agitation, reference, and paranoid delusions, affective symptoms, consciousness disorders, and aggressiveness represented some of the most frequent symptoms at entry evaluation.ConclusionsIn this study, we described the acute psychiatric presentations related to recreational drug use in subjects on holiday in Ibiza. The use of psychoactive substances was characterized by poly-use of both traditional and novel substances, with several psychopathological consequences. Future research should focus on a better understanding of the psychopathological effects of specific substances, defining signs and symptoms to help make a differential diagnosis and prospectively examine long-term effects. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T05:47:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d1e3b2f174c845f5a2e12b5e4cdd48a2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-0640 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T05:47:42Z |
| publishDate | 2020-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj.art-d1e3b2f174c845f5a2e12b5e4cdd48a22022-12-21T20:33:47ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychiatry1664-06402020-08-011110.3389/fpsyt.2020.00879568697Club Drugs: Psychotropic Effects and Psychopathological Characteristics of a Sample of InpatientsGiovanni Martinotti0Giovanni Martinotti1Attilio Negri2Attilio Negri3Stefania Schiavone4Chiara Montemitro5Chiara Vannini6Gaia Baroni7Mauro Pettorruso8Fabio De Giorgio9Fabio De Giorgio10Raffaele Giorgetti11Valeria Verrastro12Luigia Trabace13Andres Garcia14Ivan Castro15Juan Iglesias Lopez16Cristina Merino Del Villar17Fabrizio Schifano18Massimo di Giannantonio19Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, Clinical Sciences, University G.d’Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, ItalyDepartment of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Clinical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United KingdomDepartment of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Clinical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United KingdomPostgraduate School of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Milan, Milan, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, ItalyDepartment of Neuroscience, Imaging, Clinical Sciences, University G.d’Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, ItalyDepartment of Neuroscience, Imaging, Clinical Sciences, University G.d’Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, ItalyDepartment of Neuroscience, Imaging, Clinical Sciences, University G.d’Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, ItalyDepartment of Neuroscience, Imaging, Clinical Sciences, University G.d’Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, ItalySection of Legal Medicine, Department of Health Care Surveillance and Bioethics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, ItalyFondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, ItalySection of Legal Medicine, Department of Excellence SBSP, University “Politecnica delle Marche” of Ancona, Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, ItalyEmergency Staff Group, Ibiza, SpainEmergency Staff Group, Ibiza, Spain0Can Misses Hospital, Ibiza, Spain0Can Misses Hospital, Ibiza, SpainDepartment of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Clinical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United KingdomDepartment of Neuroscience, Imaging, Clinical Sciences, University G.d’Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, ItalyBackgroundGrowing evidence supports the possibility of significant psychiatric consequences related to novel and traditional psychoactive substance consumption. The problem of differential diagnosis has hampered research on specific psychopathologies with unclear outcomes. The aim of our study was to report psychiatric and clinical features of subjects admitted to a psychiatric ward in Ibiza, Spain, with a clinical diagnosis of substance abuse or intoxication.MethodsA survey was administered to a sample of inpatients hospitalized due to psychiatric symptoms related to recent use of psychoactive substances. The questionnaire investigated sociodemographic factors, familiar and personal anamnesis, substance use habits, general and psychopathological features. Urine samples were collected and analyzed in a toxicology laboratory using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.ResultsA total of 110 patients were included in the study. Most patients (70%) declared multiple substance use, and 33% of patients reported more than two substances; nevertheless, it was possible to identify 17 (15%) depressor users, 44 (40%) stimulant users and 49 (45%) psychodysleptics users. A positive association with a lifetime diagnosis of bipolar disorder was found (two-tailed Fisher’s exact test: p = 0.013). Psychomotor agitation, reference, and paranoid delusions, affective symptoms, consciousness disorders, and aggressiveness represented some of the most frequent symptoms at entry evaluation.ConclusionsIn this study, we described the acute psychiatric presentations related to recreational drug use in subjects on holiday in Ibiza. The use of psychoactive substances was characterized by poly-use of both traditional and novel substances, with several psychopathological consequences. Future research should focus on a better understanding of the psychopathological effects of specific substances, defining signs and symptoms to help make a differential diagnosis and prospectively examine long-term effects.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00879/fullclub drugsnovel psychoactive substancespsychopathologypsychosissubstance use disorder |
| spellingShingle | Giovanni Martinotti Giovanni Martinotti Attilio Negri Attilio Negri Stefania Schiavone Chiara Montemitro Chiara Vannini Gaia Baroni Mauro Pettorruso Fabio De Giorgio Fabio De Giorgio Raffaele Giorgetti Valeria Verrastro Luigia Trabace Andres Garcia Ivan Castro Juan Iglesias Lopez Cristina Merino Del Villar Fabrizio Schifano Massimo di Giannantonio Club Drugs: Psychotropic Effects and Psychopathological Characteristics of a Sample of Inpatients Frontiers in Psychiatry club drugs novel psychoactive substances psychopathology psychosis substance use disorder |
| title | Club Drugs: Psychotropic Effects and Psychopathological Characteristics of a Sample of Inpatients |
| title_full | Club Drugs: Psychotropic Effects and Psychopathological Characteristics of a Sample of Inpatients |
| title_fullStr | Club Drugs: Psychotropic Effects and Psychopathological Characteristics of a Sample of Inpatients |
| title_full_unstemmed | Club Drugs: Psychotropic Effects and Psychopathological Characteristics of a Sample of Inpatients |
| title_short | Club Drugs: Psychotropic Effects and Psychopathological Characteristics of a Sample of Inpatients |
| title_sort | club drugs psychotropic effects and psychopathological characteristics of a sample of inpatients |
| topic | club drugs novel psychoactive substances psychopathology psychosis substance use disorder |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00879/full |
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