On the antimicrobial properties and endurance of eugenol and 2-phenylphenol functionalized sol-gel coatings
Preventing microbiological surface contamination in public spaces is nowadays of high priority. The proliferation of a microbial infection may arise through air, water, or direct contact with infected surfaces. Chemical sanitization is one of the most effective approaches to avoid the proliferation...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-04-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024051776 |
| _version_ | 1827261869318995968 |
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| author | Ana Suárez-Vega Gemma Berriozabal Juan Perez de Iriarte Jaione Lorenzo Noelia Álvarez Santiago Dominguez-Meister Sara Insausti Edurne Rujas Jose L. Nieva Marta Brizuela Iñigo Braceras |
| author_facet | Ana Suárez-Vega Gemma Berriozabal Juan Perez de Iriarte Jaione Lorenzo Noelia Álvarez Santiago Dominguez-Meister Sara Insausti Edurne Rujas Jose L. Nieva Marta Brizuela Iñigo Braceras |
| author_sort | Ana Suárez-Vega |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Preventing microbiological surface contamination in public spaces is nowadays of high priority. The proliferation of a microbial infection may arise through air, water, or direct contact with infected surfaces. Chemical sanitization is one of the most effective approaches to avoid the proliferation of microorganisms. However, extended contact with chemicals for cleaning purposes such as chlorine, hydrogen peroxide or ethanol may lead to long-term diseases as well as drowsiness or respiratory issues, not to mention environmental issues associated to their use. As a potentially safer alternative, in the present work, the efficacy and endurance of the antimicrobial activity of different sol-gel coatings were studied, where one or two biocides were added to the coating matrix resulting on active groups exposed on the surface. Specifically, the coating formulations were synthesized by the sol-gel method. Using the alkoxide route with acid catalysis a hybrid silica-titania-methacrylate matrix was obtained where aromatic liquid eugenol was added with a double function: as a complexing agent for the chelation of the reaction precursor titanium isopropoxide, and as a biocide. In addition, 2-Phenylphenol, ECHA approved biocide, has also been incorporated to the coating matrix. The antibacterial effect of these coatings was confirmed on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Additionally, the coatings were non cyto-toxic and displayed virucidal activity. The coating chemical composition was characterized by 29Si NMR, and ATR-FTIR. Furthermore, the thickness and the mechanical properties were characterized by profilometry and nanoindentation, respectively. Finally, the durability of the coatings was studied with tribology tests. Overall, our data support the efficacy of the tested sol-gel coatings and suggest that added features may be required to improve endurance of the antimicrobial effects on operational conditions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T11:21:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d1f689af45584ccf8e9ee9c50d6c319e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-03-22T03:05:14Z |
| publishDate | 2024-04-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-d1f689af45584ccf8e9ee9c50d6c319e2024-05-01T05:08:22ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402024-04-01108e29146On the antimicrobial properties and endurance of eugenol and 2-phenylphenol functionalized sol-gel coatingsAna Suárez-Vega0Gemma Berriozabal1Juan Perez de Iriarte2Jaione Lorenzo3Noelia Álvarez4Santiago Dominguez-Meister5Sara Insausti6Edurne Rujas7Jose L. Nieva8Marta Brizuela9Iñigo Braceras10TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia-San Sebastián, SpainTECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia-San Sebastián, SpainTECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia-San Sebastián, SpainTECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia-San Sebastián, SpainTECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia-San Sebastián, SpainTECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia-San Sebastián, SpainInstituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, SpainInstituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain; Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, SpainInstituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, SpainTECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia-San Sebastián, SpainTECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Corresponding author. Iñigo Braceras Tecnalia, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, 20009, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.Preventing microbiological surface contamination in public spaces is nowadays of high priority. The proliferation of a microbial infection may arise through air, water, or direct contact with infected surfaces. Chemical sanitization is one of the most effective approaches to avoid the proliferation of microorganisms. However, extended contact with chemicals for cleaning purposes such as chlorine, hydrogen peroxide or ethanol may lead to long-term diseases as well as drowsiness or respiratory issues, not to mention environmental issues associated to their use. As a potentially safer alternative, in the present work, the efficacy and endurance of the antimicrobial activity of different sol-gel coatings were studied, where one or two biocides were added to the coating matrix resulting on active groups exposed on the surface. Specifically, the coating formulations were synthesized by the sol-gel method. Using the alkoxide route with acid catalysis a hybrid silica-titania-methacrylate matrix was obtained where aromatic liquid eugenol was added with a double function: as a complexing agent for the chelation of the reaction precursor titanium isopropoxide, and as a biocide. In addition, 2-Phenylphenol, ECHA approved biocide, has also been incorporated to the coating matrix. The antibacterial effect of these coatings was confirmed on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Additionally, the coatings were non cyto-toxic and displayed virucidal activity. The coating chemical composition was characterized by 29Si NMR, and ATR-FTIR. Furthermore, the thickness and the mechanical properties were characterized by profilometry and nanoindentation, respectively. Finally, the durability of the coatings was studied with tribology tests. Overall, our data support the efficacy of the tested sol-gel coatings and suggest that added features may be required to improve endurance of the antimicrobial effects on operational conditions.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024051776Eugenol2-PhenylphenolSol-gelAntibacterialVirucideDurability |
| spellingShingle | Ana Suárez-Vega Gemma Berriozabal Juan Perez de Iriarte Jaione Lorenzo Noelia Álvarez Santiago Dominguez-Meister Sara Insausti Edurne Rujas Jose L. Nieva Marta Brizuela Iñigo Braceras On the antimicrobial properties and endurance of eugenol and 2-phenylphenol functionalized sol-gel coatings Heliyon Eugenol 2-Phenylphenol Sol-gel Antibacterial Virucide Durability |
| title | On the antimicrobial properties and endurance of eugenol and 2-phenylphenol functionalized sol-gel coatings |
| title_full | On the antimicrobial properties and endurance of eugenol and 2-phenylphenol functionalized sol-gel coatings |
| title_fullStr | On the antimicrobial properties and endurance of eugenol and 2-phenylphenol functionalized sol-gel coatings |
| title_full_unstemmed | On the antimicrobial properties and endurance of eugenol and 2-phenylphenol functionalized sol-gel coatings |
| title_short | On the antimicrobial properties and endurance of eugenol and 2-phenylphenol functionalized sol-gel coatings |
| title_sort | on the antimicrobial properties and endurance of eugenol and 2 phenylphenol functionalized sol gel coatings |
| topic | Eugenol 2-Phenylphenol Sol-gel Antibacterial Virucide Durability |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024051776 |
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