GCORP: Geographic and Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks
Underwater Sensor Network (UWSN) is gaining popularity among researchers due to its peculiar features. But there are so many challenges in the design of the UWSN system, and these are quite unsustainable due to the dynamic nature of water waves. Perhaps the most tedious challenge for UWSNs is how to...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IEEE
2021-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9351934/ |
| _version_ | 1819106382732853248 |
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| author | Sarang Karim Faisal Karim Shaikh Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry Zahid Mehmood Usman Tariq Rizwan Ali Naqvi Adnan Ahmed |
| author_facet | Sarang Karim Faisal Karim Shaikh Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry Zahid Mehmood Usman Tariq Rizwan Ali Naqvi Adnan Ahmed |
| author_sort | Sarang Karim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Underwater Sensor Network (UWSN) is gaining popularity among researchers due to its peculiar features. But there are so many challenges in the design of the UWSN system, and these are quite unsustainable due to the dynamic nature of water waves. Perhaps the most tedious challenge for UWSNs is how to transfer the data at the destination with a minimal energy rate. It can be accomplished by exploiting geographic and opportunistic routing schemes to send the data efficiently to the surface sinks in cooperation with relay nodes. With this aim, we introduce a new protocol for routing, named Geographic and Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol (GCORP). In GCORP, the packets are routed from the source node to the surface sinks in coordination with intermediate relay nodes. In GCORP protocol, initially, multiple sinks-based network architecture is established. Then, a relay forwarding set is being determined by the source node on the basis of depth fitness factor. Finally, the best relay is determined through the weight calculation scheme from the relay forwarding set. We conduct the simulations in NS3 to validate the proposed GCORP routing protocol concerning different network metrics. The simulations conclude that the GCORP protocol shows better performance than existing approaches. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T02:37:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d1fb4eac7d064d8a91c8a434304b65c3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T02:37:16Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj.art-d1fb4eac7d064d8a91c8a434304b65c32022-12-21T18:41:44ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362021-01-019276502766710.1109/ACCESS.2021.30586009351934GCORP: Geographic and Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor NetworksSarang Karim0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1983-0843Faisal Karim Shaikh1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4692-6696Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4340-9602Zahid Mehmood3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4888-2594Usman Tariq4Rizwan Ali Naqvi5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7473-8441Adnan Ahmed6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5984-7175Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, PakistanInstitute of Information and Communication Technologies, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, PakistanInstitute of Information and Communication Technologies, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, PakistanDepartment of Computer Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Taxila, Taxila, PakistanCollege of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Unmanned Vehicle Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South KoreaDepartment of Telecommunication Engineering, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science, Technology, Nawabshah, PakistanUnderwater Sensor Network (UWSN) is gaining popularity among researchers due to its peculiar features. But there are so many challenges in the design of the UWSN system, and these are quite unsustainable due to the dynamic nature of water waves. Perhaps the most tedious challenge for UWSNs is how to transfer the data at the destination with a minimal energy rate. It can be accomplished by exploiting geographic and opportunistic routing schemes to send the data efficiently to the surface sinks in cooperation with relay nodes. With this aim, we introduce a new protocol for routing, named Geographic and Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol (GCORP). In GCORP, the packets are routed from the source node to the surface sinks in coordination with intermediate relay nodes. In GCORP protocol, initially, multiple sinks-based network architecture is established. Then, a relay forwarding set is being determined by the source node on the basis of depth fitness factor. Finally, the best relay is determined through the weight calculation scheme from the relay forwarding set. We conduct the simulations in NS3 to validate the proposed GCORP routing protocol concerning different network metrics. The simulations conclude that the GCORP protocol shows better performance than existing approaches.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9351934/Underwater sensor networksmultiple sinksweighting schemegeographic routingcooperative routingopportunistic routing |
| spellingShingle | Sarang Karim Faisal Karim Shaikh Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry Zahid Mehmood Usman Tariq Rizwan Ali Naqvi Adnan Ahmed GCORP: Geographic and Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks IEEE Access Underwater sensor networks multiple sinks weighting scheme geographic routing cooperative routing opportunistic routing |
| title | GCORP: Geographic and Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks |
| title_full | GCORP: Geographic and Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks |
| title_fullStr | GCORP: Geographic and Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks |
| title_full_unstemmed | GCORP: Geographic and Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks |
| title_short | GCORP: Geographic and Cooperative Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Underwater Sensor Networks |
| title_sort | gcorp geographic and cooperative opportunistic routing protocol for underwater sensor networks |
| topic | Underwater sensor networks multiple sinks weighting scheme geographic routing cooperative routing opportunistic routing |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9351934/ |
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