Biothermal Heating on Human Skin by Millimeter and Sub-Terahertz Waves in Outdoor Environment—A Theoretical Study
The frequency band in the millimeter-wave (MMW) and sub-terahertz (sub-THz) range has shown great potential in mobile communication technology due to the advantages of ultra-large bandwidth and ultra-high data rates. Based on the increasing research activities on MMW/sub-THz waves, biological safety...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/14/8305 |
| _version_ | 1797590404158193664 |
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| author | Menghan Wei Peian Li Yuanshuai Lei Xiue Bao Jianjun Ma |
| author_facet | Menghan Wei Peian Li Yuanshuai Lei Xiue Bao Jianjun Ma |
| author_sort | Menghan Wei |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The frequency band in the millimeter-wave (MMW) and sub-terahertz (sub-THz) range has shown great potential in mobile communication technology due to the advantages of ultra-large bandwidth and ultra-high data rates. Based on the increasing research activities on MMW/sub-THz waves, biological safety at relevant frequencies must be explored, especially when high-power illumination occurs. Here, its non-ionizing nature plays a vital role, which makes it safe for humans at low illumination powers. However, under high power, the biothermal heating on the skin surface is still a main concern, and lots of research has been conducted in a laboratory. In this article, we analyze the thermal heating effect of human skin in outdoor environments, where atmospheric conditions can significantly impact the propagation of MMW/sub-THz waves. Our analysis is based on rat skin, which has a similar structure to human skin. A theoretical model combining Pennes’ bioheat transfer equation (BHTE), the ITU model, and the Mie scattering theory is developed. Good agreement between calculation results and measured data confirms the efficiency of this model. The influence of rainfall rate, humidity, operating frequency, illumination time, power density, and propagation distance is presented and discussed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:21:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d20184f8f6e847ce8613ce86bb292ef6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:21:01Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-d20184f8f6e847ce8613ce86bb292ef62023-11-18T18:11:12ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-07-011314830510.3390/app13148305Biothermal Heating on Human Skin by Millimeter and Sub-Terahertz Waves in Outdoor Environment—A Theoretical StudyMenghan Wei0Peian Li1Yuanshuai Lei2Xiue Bao3Jianjun Ma4School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, ChinaSchool of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, ChinaTangshan Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Tangshan 063099, ChinaSchool of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, ChinaSchool of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, ChinaThe frequency band in the millimeter-wave (MMW) and sub-terahertz (sub-THz) range has shown great potential in mobile communication technology due to the advantages of ultra-large bandwidth and ultra-high data rates. Based on the increasing research activities on MMW/sub-THz waves, biological safety at relevant frequencies must be explored, especially when high-power illumination occurs. Here, its non-ionizing nature plays a vital role, which makes it safe for humans at low illumination powers. However, under high power, the biothermal heating on the skin surface is still a main concern, and lots of research has been conducted in a laboratory. In this article, we analyze the thermal heating effect of human skin in outdoor environments, where atmospheric conditions can significantly impact the propagation of MMW/sub-THz waves. Our analysis is based on rat skin, which has a similar structure to human skin. A theoretical model combining Pennes’ bioheat transfer equation (BHTE), the ITU model, and the Mie scattering theory is developed. Good agreement between calculation results and measured data confirms the efficiency of this model. The influence of rainfall rate, humidity, operating frequency, illumination time, power density, and propagation distance is presented and discussed.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/14/8305MMW/sub-THz wavesbiothermal heating effecthuman skinoutdoor weatherwater layer |
| spellingShingle | Menghan Wei Peian Li Yuanshuai Lei Xiue Bao Jianjun Ma Biothermal Heating on Human Skin by Millimeter and Sub-Terahertz Waves in Outdoor Environment—A Theoretical Study Applied Sciences MMW/sub-THz waves biothermal heating effect human skin outdoor weather water layer |
| title | Biothermal Heating on Human Skin by Millimeter and Sub-Terahertz Waves in Outdoor Environment—A Theoretical Study |
| title_full | Biothermal Heating on Human Skin by Millimeter and Sub-Terahertz Waves in Outdoor Environment—A Theoretical Study |
| title_fullStr | Biothermal Heating on Human Skin by Millimeter and Sub-Terahertz Waves in Outdoor Environment—A Theoretical Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biothermal Heating on Human Skin by Millimeter and Sub-Terahertz Waves in Outdoor Environment—A Theoretical Study |
| title_short | Biothermal Heating on Human Skin by Millimeter and Sub-Terahertz Waves in Outdoor Environment—A Theoretical Study |
| title_sort | biothermal heating on human skin by millimeter and sub terahertz waves in outdoor environment a theoretical study |
| topic | MMW/sub-THz waves biothermal heating effect human skin outdoor weather water layer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/14/8305 |
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