| Summary: | Evaporation kinetics of tramp elements (M = As and Sn) in liquid iron were investigated by high-temperature gas–liquid reaction experiments and a phenomenological kinetic model. Residual content of As or Sn in the liquid iron ([pct M]) during the evaporation was measured in the temperature range of 1680 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>°</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>C to 1760 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mo>°</mo></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>C. [pct As] and [pct Sn] decreased faster as the reaction temperature and [pct C]<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>0</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> increased. Assuming first-order reaction kinetics, the apparent rate constants (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>k</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>) were obtained at each reaction temperature and [pct C]<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>0</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>. [pct M] in a liquid iron during the top-blown oxygen steelmaking process was simulated, with an emphasis on enlarging the reaction surface area by forming a large number of liquid iron droplets. The surface area and the droplet generation rate were obtained based on the oxygen-blowing condition. The whole surface area increased up to ∼163 times the initial liquid iron (bath) surface area, due to the generation of the droplets. Using the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>k</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> obtained in the present study, the evaporation of M during the top-blown oxygen steelmaking process for 200 tonnes of liquid iron was simulated. For a condition of [pct M]<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>0</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 0.005 (M = As and Sn), As and Sn could be removed from the liquid iron, which was seen to be much improved by the consideration of the droplet generation. However, additional actions are required to improve the evaporation rate, as the evaporation rate in the BOF process was not fast enough to be practically considered.
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