Recurrent diphtheria outbreaks in Nigeria: A review of the underlying factors and remedies
Abstract Introduction The introduction of the diphtheria−tetanus−pertussis (DTP) vaccine into childhood immunization programs resulted in its widespread elimination in high‐income countries. However, Nigeria is currently experiencing an outbreak. The primary cause of diphtheria outbreaks and its hig...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Immunity, Inflammation and Disease |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.1096 |
| _version_ | 1797404142133575680 |
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| author | Nasir Abdulrasheed Lukman Lawal Abdulazeez B. Mogaji Ahmed O. Abdulkareem Abdulrahman K. Shuaib Sodiq G. Adeoti Opeyemi P. Amosu Abdulmujeeb O. Muhammad‐Olodo Abdulwahab O. Lawal Tawakalitu A. Jaji Toufik Abdul‐Rahman |
| author_facet | Nasir Abdulrasheed Lukman Lawal Abdulazeez B. Mogaji Ahmed O. Abdulkareem Abdulrahman K. Shuaib Sodiq G. Adeoti Opeyemi P. Amosu Abdulmujeeb O. Muhammad‐Olodo Abdulwahab O. Lawal Tawakalitu A. Jaji Toufik Abdul‐Rahman |
| author_sort | Nasir Abdulrasheed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Introduction The introduction of the diphtheria−tetanus−pertussis (DTP) vaccine into childhood immunization programs resulted in its widespread elimination in high‐income countries. However, Nigeria is currently experiencing an outbreak. The primary cause of diphtheria outbreaks and its high mortality rates in Nigeria was waning herd immunity due to low DTP coverage and a lack of diphtheria antitoxin (DAT), respectively. However, the underlying causes of Nigeria's low DTP coverage and DAT supply remain unknown. Method Relevant studies and reports included in our review were obtained by a search through Google Scholar, PubMed, and organization websites using the terms “Diphtheria−Pertussis−Tetanus vaccine OR Diphtheria antitoxin and Nigeria OR Diphtheria Outbreak.” All articles considering diphtheria outbreaks, DTP vaccine, and DAT supply in Nigeria were considered without time restriction due to the paucity of data. We used the narrative synthesis approach to critically appraise, analyze, and draw inferences from the selected articles. Results The main causes of low DTP coverage are insufficient supply, an inefficient cold chain system, and low uptake due to poor health literacy and negative sociocultural and religious beliefs, whereas the key barriers to DAT availability are insufficient production by pharmaceutical industries because of low demand and priority. Conclusion The underlying causes of Nigeria's low DTP coverage and DAT supply are multifactorial. Both short‐term and long‐term measures are needed to control this outbreak and prevent future occurrences. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T02:50:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d21aefc1ab544c68909313802a2ad292 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2050-4527 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T02:50:41Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Immunity, Inflammation and Disease |
| spelling | doaj.art-d21aefc1ab544c68909313802a2ad2922023-12-05T11:18:02ZengWileyImmunity, Inflammation and Disease2050-45272023-11-011111n/an/a10.1002/iid3.1096Recurrent diphtheria outbreaks in Nigeria: A review of the underlying factors and remediesNasir Abdulrasheed0Lukman Lawal1Abdulazeez B. Mogaji2Ahmed O. Abdulkareem3Abdulrahman K. Shuaib4Sodiq G. Adeoti5Opeyemi P. Amosu6Abdulmujeeb O. Muhammad‐Olodo7Abdulwahab O. Lawal8Tawakalitu A. Jaji9Toufik Abdul‐Rahman10Faculty of Clinical Sciences University of Ilorin Ilorin NigeriaFaculty of Clinical Sciences University of Ilorin Ilorin NigeriaFaculty of Clinical Sciences University of Ilorin Ilorin NigeriaFaculty of Clinical Sciences University of Ilorin Ilorin NigeriaFaculty of Clinical Sciences University of Ilorin Ilorin NigeriaFaculty of Clinical Sciences University of Ilorin Ilorin NigeriaFaculty of Clinical Sciences University of Ilorin Ilorin NigeriaFaculty of Clinical Sciences University of Ilorin Ilorin NigeriaFaculty of Clinical Sciences University of Ilorin Ilorin NigeriaFaculty of Clinical Sciences University of Ilorin Ilorin NigeriaToufik's World Medical Association Sumy UkraineAbstract Introduction The introduction of the diphtheria−tetanus−pertussis (DTP) vaccine into childhood immunization programs resulted in its widespread elimination in high‐income countries. However, Nigeria is currently experiencing an outbreak. The primary cause of diphtheria outbreaks and its high mortality rates in Nigeria was waning herd immunity due to low DTP coverage and a lack of diphtheria antitoxin (DAT), respectively. However, the underlying causes of Nigeria's low DTP coverage and DAT supply remain unknown. Method Relevant studies and reports included in our review were obtained by a search through Google Scholar, PubMed, and organization websites using the terms “Diphtheria−Pertussis−Tetanus vaccine OR Diphtheria antitoxin and Nigeria OR Diphtheria Outbreak.” All articles considering diphtheria outbreaks, DTP vaccine, and DAT supply in Nigeria were considered without time restriction due to the paucity of data. We used the narrative synthesis approach to critically appraise, analyze, and draw inferences from the selected articles. Results The main causes of low DTP coverage are insufficient supply, an inefficient cold chain system, and low uptake due to poor health literacy and negative sociocultural and religious beliefs, whereas the key barriers to DAT availability are insufficient production by pharmaceutical industries because of low demand and priority. Conclusion The underlying causes of Nigeria's low DTP coverage and DAT supply are multifactorial. Both short‐term and long‐term measures are needed to control this outbreak and prevent future occurrences.https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.1096Africaantitoxindiphtheria−pertussis−tetanusinfectious diseaseNigeriavaccine |
| spellingShingle | Nasir Abdulrasheed Lukman Lawal Abdulazeez B. Mogaji Ahmed O. Abdulkareem Abdulrahman K. Shuaib Sodiq G. Adeoti Opeyemi P. Amosu Abdulmujeeb O. Muhammad‐Olodo Abdulwahab O. Lawal Tawakalitu A. Jaji Toufik Abdul‐Rahman Recurrent diphtheria outbreaks in Nigeria: A review of the underlying factors and remedies Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Africa antitoxin diphtheria−pertussis−tetanus infectious disease Nigeria vaccine |
| title | Recurrent diphtheria outbreaks in Nigeria: A review of the underlying factors and remedies |
| title_full | Recurrent diphtheria outbreaks in Nigeria: A review of the underlying factors and remedies |
| title_fullStr | Recurrent diphtheria outbreaks in Nigeria: A review of the underlying factors and remedies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recurrent diphtheria outbreaks in Nigeria: A review of the underlying factors and remedies |
| title_short | Recurrent diphtheria outbreaks in Nigeria: A review of the underlying factors and remedies |
| title_sort | recurrent diphtheria outbreaks in nigeria a review of the underlying factors and remedies |
| topic | Africa antitoxin diphtheria−pertussis−tetanus infectious disease Nigeria vaccine |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.1096 |
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