Ilmenite Mud Waste as an Additive for Frost Resistance in Sustainable Concrete
Sustainable development leads to the production of building materials that are safer for the environment. One of the ways to achieve sustainability in materials is the addition of industrial wastes and by-products, especially to concrete. However, the addition of waste to concrete often decreases it...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-06-01
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| Series: | Materials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/13/2904 |
| _version_ | 1797563970581692416 |
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| author | Filip Chyliński Krzysztof Kuczyński |
| author_facet | Filip Chyliński Krzysztof Kuczyński |
| author_sort | Filip Chyliński |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sustainable development leads to the production of building materials that are safer for the environment. One of the ways to achieve sustainability in materials is the addition of industrial wastes and by-products, especially to concrete. However, the addition of waste to concrete often decreases its durability and the scope of aggression of the environment in which the concrete is used has to be reduced. Making sustainable concrete, which is also durable in more aggressive environments, is rather difficult. This article presents the results of tests performed on concrete containing ilmenite mud waste from the production of titanium dioxide, which was exposed to frost aggression with and without de-icing salts. The results have shown that a sustainable and frost resistant concrete can be made. After 200 freeze–thaw cycles, the compressive strength of the tested concretes decreased by less than 4%. Concretes were highly resistant for scaling and after 112 freeze–thaw cycles in water with de-icing salt, the scaled mass was less than 0.02 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The air void distribution has also been analyzed. The results suited the requirements for frost resistance concrete and were similar to those obtained for a reference concrete with fly ash. The examination of the microstructure using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has not shown any potential risks that might affect the durability of concrete. Particles of waste were thoroughly combined in the binder and some of its constituents seem to be an active part of the cement matrix. Long-term tests of shrinkage (360 days) have not shown any excessive values that would differ from the reference concrete with fly ash. The presented results have shown that sustainable concrete containing ilmenite mud waste from the production of titanium dioxide might also be resistant to frost aggression. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:50:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d265d3c221c6417284196869d5c5cfd4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:50:45Z |
| publishDate | 2020-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-d265d3c221c6417284196869d5c5cfd42023-11-20T05:12:52ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442020-06-011313290410.3390/ma13132904Ilmenite Mud Waste as an Additive for Frost Resistance in Sustainable ConcreteFilip Chyliński0Krzysztof Kuczyński1Instytut Techniki Budowlanej, 00-611 Warsaw, PolandInstytut Techniki Budowlanej, 00-611 Warsaw, PolandSustainable development leads to the production of building materials that are safer for the environment. One of the ways to achieve sustainability in materials is the addition of industrial wastes and by-products, especially to concrete. However, the addition of waste to concrete often decreases its durability and the scope of aggression of the environment in which the concrete is used has to be reduced. Making sustainable concrete, which is also durable in more aggressive environments, is rather difficult. This article presents the results of tests performed on concrete containing ilmenite mud waste from the production of titanium dioxide, which was exposed to frost aggression with and without de-icing salts. The results have shown that a sustainable and frost resistant concrete can be made. After 200 freeze–thaw cycles, the compressive strength of the tested concretes decreased by less than 4%. Concretes were highly resistant for scaling and after 112 freeze–thaw cycles in water with de-icing salt, the scaled mass was less than 0.02 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The air void distribution has also been analyzed. The results suited the requirements for frost resistance concrete and were similar to those obtained for a reference concrete with fly ash. The examination of the microstructure using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has not shown any potential risks that might affect the durability of concrete. Particles of waste were thoroughly combined in the binder and some of its constituents seem to be an active part of the cement matrix. Long-term tests of shrinkage (360 days) have not shown any excessive values that would differ from the reference concrete with fly ash. The presented results have shown that sustainable concrete containing ilmenite mud waste from the production of titanium dioxide might also be resistant to frost aggression.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/13/2904ilmenite mudwasteconcretetitanium dioxidefrost resistance |
| spellingShingle | Filip Chyliński Krzysztof Kuczyński Ilmenite Mud Waste as an Additive for Frost Resistance in Sustainable Concrete Materials ilmenite mud waste concrete titanium dioxide frost resistance |
| title | Ilmenite Mud Waste as an Additive for Frost Resistance in Sustainable Concrete |
| title_full | Ilmenite Mud Waste as an Additive for Frost Resistance in Sustainable Concrete |
| title_fullStr | Ilmenite Mud Waste as an Additive for Frost Resistance in Sustainable Concrete |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ilmenite Mud Waste as an Additive for Frost Resistance in Sustainable Concrete |
| title_short | Ilmenite Mud Waste as an Additive for Frost Resistance in Sustainable Concrete |
| title_sort | ilmenite mud waste as an additive for frost resistance in sustainable concrete |
| topic | ilmenite mud waste concrete titanium dioxide frost resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/13/2904 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT filipchylinski ilmenitemudwasteasanadditiveforfrostresistanceinsustainableconcrete AT krzysztofkuczynski ilmenitemudwasteasanadditiveforfrostresistanceinsustainableconcrete |