Innate Immune Response of <i>TmToll-3</i> Following Systemic Microbial Infection in <i>Tenebrio molitor</i>
Although Toll-like receptors have been widely identified and functionally characterized in mammalian models and <i>Drosophila</i>, the immunological function of these receptors in other insects remains unclear. Here, we explored the relevant innate immune response of <i>Tenebrio mo...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-04-01
|
| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/7/6751 |
| _version_ | 1797607766906372096 |
|---|---|
| author | Maryam Ali Mohammadie Kojour Ho Am Jang Yong Seok Lee Yong Hun Jo Yeon Soo Han |
| author_facet | Maryam Ali Mohammadie Kojour Ho Am Jang Yong Seok Lee Yong Hun Jo Yeon Soo Han |
| author_sort | Maryam Ali Mohammadie Kojour |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although Toll-like receptors have been widely identified and functionally characterized in mammalian models and <i>Drosophila</i>, the immunological function of these receptors in other insects remains unclear. Here, we explored the relevant innate immune response of <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> (<i>T. molitor</i>) <i>Toll-3</i> against Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungal infections. Our findings indicated that <i>TmToll-3</i> expression was mainly induced by <i>Candida albicans</i> infections in the fat bodies, gut, Malpighian tubules, and hemolymph of young <i>T</i>. <i>molitor</i> larvae. Surprisingly, <i>Escherichia coli</i> systemic infection caused mortality after <i>TmToll-3</i> knockdown via RNA interference (RNAi) injection, which was not observed in the control group. Further analyses indicated that in the absence of <i>TmToll-3</i>, the final effector of the Toll signaling pathway, antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes and relevant transcription factors were significantly downregulated after <i>E. coli</i> challenge. Our results indicated that the expression of almost all AMP genes was suppressed in silenced individuals, whereas the expression of relevant genes was positively regulated after fungal injection. Therefore, this study revealed the immunological involvement of <i>TmToll-3</i> in <i>T. molitor</i> in response to systematic infections. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:34:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d279216ae3a043eab9ab5b7cb5c7aeee |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:34:18Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-d279216ae3a043eab9ab5b7cb5c7aeee2023-11-17T16:55:32ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-04-01247675110.3390/ijms24076751Innate Immune Response of <i>TmToll-3</i> Following Systemic Microbial Infection in <i>Tenebrio molitor</i>Maryam Ali Mohammadie Kojour0Ho Am Jang1Yong Seok Lee2Yong Hun Jo3Yeon Soo Han4Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of KoreaAlthough Toll-like receptors have been widely identified and functionally characterized in mammalian models and <i>Drosophila</i>, the immunological function of these receptors in other insects remains unclear. Here, we explored the relevant innate immune response of <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> (<i>T. molitor</i>) <i>Toll-3</i> against Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, and fungal infections. Our findings indicated that <i>TmToll-3</i> expression was mainly induced by <i>Candida albicans</i> infections in the fat bodies, gut, Malpighian tubules, and hemolymph of young <i>T</i>. <i>molitor</i> larvae. Surprisingly, <i>Escherichia coli</i> systemic infection caused mortality after <i>TmToll-3</i> knockdown via RNA interference (RNAi) injection, which was not observed in the control group. Further analyses indicated that in the absence of <i>TmToll-3</i>, the final effector of the Toll signaling pathway, antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes and relevant transcription factors were significantly downregulated after <i>E. coli</i> challenge. Our results indicated that the expression of almost all AMP genes was suppressed in silenced individuals, whereas the expression of relevant genes was positively regulated after fungal injection. Therefore, this study revealed the immunological involvement of <i>TmToll-3</i> in <i>T. molitor</i> in response to systematic infections.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/7/6751<i>Toll-3</i><i>Tenebrio molitor</i>microbial infectionRNAiantimicrobial peptidesAMP assay |
| spellingShingle | Maryam Ali Mohammadie Kojour Ho Am Jang Yong Seok Lee Yong Hun Jo Yeon Soo Han Innate Immune Response of <i>TmToll-3</i> Following Systemic Microbial Infection in <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> International Journal of Molecular Sciences <i>Toll-3</i> <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> microbial infection RNAi antimicrobial peptides AMP assay |
| title | Innate Immune Response of <i>TmToll-3</i> Following Systemic Microbial Infection in <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> |
| title_full | Innate Immune Response of <i>TmToll-3</i> Following Systemic Microbial Infection in <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> |
| title_fullStr | Innate Immune Response of <i>TmToll-3</i> Following Systemic Microbial Infection in <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Innate Immune Response of <i>TmToll-3</i> Following Systemic Microbial Infection in <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> |
| title_short | Innate Immune Response of <i>TmToll-3</i> Following Systemic Microbial Infection in <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> |
| title_sort | innate immune response of i tmtoll 3 i following systemic microbial infection in i tenebrio molitor i |
| topic | <i>Toll-3</i> <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> microbial infection RNAi antimicrobial peptides AMP assay |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/7/6751 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT maryamalimohammadiekojour innateimmuneresponseofitmtoll3ifollowingsystemicmicrobialinfectioninitenebriomolitori AT hoamjang innateimmuneresponseofitmtoll3ifollowingsystemicmicrobialinfectioninitenebriomolitori AT yongseoklee innateimmuneresponseofitmtoll3ifollowingsystemicmicrobialinfectioninitenebriomolitori AT yonghunjo innateimmuneresponseofitmtoll3ifollowingsystemicmicrobialinfectioninitenebriomolitori AT yeonsoohan innateimmuneresponseofitmtoll3ifollowingsystemicmicrobialinfectioninitenebriomolitori |