Hepatitis B infection: review article
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an etiological agent of hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis B is a life-threatening disease that affects the liver. The clinical outcomes of the disease are varied from asymptomatic disease to serious complication such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | fas |
| Published: |
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
2018-12-01
|
| Series: | Tehran University Medical Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://tumj.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3666-105&slc_lang=en&sid=1 |
| _version_ | 1818652553731112960 |
|---|---|
| author | Jafar Mohammadshahi Soheila Refahi Bahareh Yousefipour Mehran Sardari Roghayeh Teimourpour |
| author_facet | Jafar Mohammadshahi Soheila Refahi Bahareh Yousefipour Mehran Sardari Roghayeh Teimourpour |
| author_sort | Jafar Mohammadshahi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an etiological agent of hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis B is a life-threatening disease that affects the liver. The clinical outcomes of the disease are varied from asymptomatic disease to serious complication such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite availability of the vaccine and appropriate treatment, hepatitis B infection still remains a major public health problem worldwide. Based on WHO reports, over 887.000 people die annually from hepatitis B complication including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B is very contagious and spreads through infected blood, body fluids, mother to baby during birth, contaminated needle and between sexual partners. HBV uses sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) receptor to enter hepatocytes and by replicating in these cells interferes with liver functions. In fact liver damage is as result of virus multiplication and activation of immune responses especially virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against infected cells. CTLs and CD4Th1 cells by killing infected cells and releasing antiviral cytokines control virus replication in infected individuals. Also, the functions of these cells in patients who successfully clear the infection are potentially strong. In contrast to acute self-limited HBV infection in persistent HBV infection, these cells are exhausted. Several studies have showed that the great challenge in clearance of the HBV infection is related to stability of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). cccDNA produce in viral life cycle and remains inside the infected cells for a long time and act as a template for generating new pre-genomic RNA and virus propagation. So far, no antiviral treatment has been effective in the complete elimination of this structure. Prevention of the disease can be achieved by using effective vaccine. Previous studies indicated that neutralizing antibodies against surface antigen of the virus known as S antigen have protective properties. Therefore, a subunit vaccine containing S antigen is available. Currently S antigen is produced in recombinant form and WHO recommended the first dose should be given within a day of birth. Pegylated IFN-γ and nucleotide-nucleoside analogues are effective drugs against HBV infection, but they may have severe side effects. Ineffectiveness of the vaccine on premature infants and immunocompromised people and also drug side effects has made HBV infection a great trouble. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T02:23:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d2884db4707c4dde9b567135bd5585dc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1683-1764 1735-7322 |
| language | fas |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T02:23:50Z |
| publishDate | 2018-12-01 |
| publisher | Tehran University of Medical Sciences |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Tehran University Medical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-d2884db4707c4dde9b567135bd5585dc2022-12-21T22:07:11ZfasTehran University of Medical SciencesTehran University Medical Journal1683-17641735-73222018-12-01769576587Hepatitis B infection: review articleJafar Mohammadshahi0Soheila Refahi1Bahareh Yousefipour2Mehran Sardari3Roghayeh Teimourpour4 Department of Infectious Diseas-es, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. Department of Operative Dentis-try, School of Dentistry, Hor-mozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an etiological agent of hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis B is a life-threatening disease that affects the liver. The clinical outcomes of the disease are varied from asymptomatic disease to serious complication such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite availability of the vaccine and appropriate treatment, hepatitis B infection still remains a major public health problem worldwide. Based on WHO reports, over 887.000 people die annually from hepatitis B complication including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B is very contagious and spreads through infected blood, body fluids, mother to baby during birth, contaminated needle and between sexual partners. HBV uses sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) receptor to enter hepatocytes and by replicating in these cells interferes with liver functions. In fact liver damage is as result of virus multiplication and activation of immune responses especially virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against infected cells. CTLs and CD4Th1 cells by killing infected cells and releasing antiviral cytokines control virus replication in infected individuals. Also, the functions of these cells in patients who successfully clear the infection are potentially strong. In contrast to acute self-limited HBV infection in persistent HBV infection, these cells are exhausted. Several studies have showed that the great challenge in clearance of the HBV infection is related to stability of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). cccDNA produce in viral life cycle and remains inside the infected cells for a long time and act as a template for generating new pre-genomic RNA and virus propagation. So far, no antiviral treatment has been effective in the complete elimination of this structure. Prevention of the disease can be achieved by using effective vaccine. Previous studies indicated that neutralizing antibodies against surface antigen of the virus known as S antigen have protective properties. Therefore, a subunit vaccine containing S antigen is available. Currently S antigen is produced in recombinant form and WHO recommended the first dose should be given within a day of birth. Pegylated IFN-γ and nucleotide-nucleoside analogues are effective drugs against HBV infection, but they may have severe side effects. Ineffectiveness of the vaccine on premature infants and immunocompromised people and also drug side effects has made HBV infection a great trouble.http://tumj.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3666-105&slc_lang=en&sid=1Hepatitis Bhepatocellular carcinomaliver cirrhosis |
| spellingShingle | Jafar Mohammadshahi Soheila Refahi Bahareh Yousefipour Mehran Sardari Roghayeh Teimourpour Hepatitis B infection: review article Tehran University Medical Journal Hepatitis B hepatocellular carcinoma liver cirrhosis |
| title | Hepatitis B infection: review article |
| title_full | Hepatitis B infection: review article |
| title_fullStr | Hepatitis B infection: review article |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hepatitis B infection: review article |
| title_short | Hepatitis B infection: review article |
| title_sort | hepatitis b infection review article |
| topic | Hepatitis B hepatocellular carcinoma liver cirrhosis |
| url | http://tumj.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3666-105&slc_lang=en&sid=1 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jafarmohammadshahi hepatitisbinfectionreviewarticle AT soheilarefahi hepatitisbinfectionreviewarticle AT baharehyousefipour hepatitisbinfectionreviewarticle AT mehransardari hepatitisbinfectionreviewarticle AT roghayehteimourpour hepatitisbinfectionreviewarticle |