The Production of Marine Iron Objects in Europe Following the First Industrial Revolution: The Akko Tower Shipwreck Test Case
Four ferrous objects, a winch, a heart-shaped shackle, a deadeye strap with a futtock plate, and a stud-link chain controller, that were retrieved from the Akko Tower shipwreck were studied by different methods, including conventional metallography, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy wit...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/17/9845 |
| _version_ | 1827728283596226560 |
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| author | Noam Iddan Dana Ashkenazi Deborah Cvikel |
| author_facet | Noam Iddan Dana Ashkenazi Deborah Cvikel |
| author_sort | Noam Iddan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Four ferrous objects, a winch, a heart-shaped shackle, a deadeye strap with a futtock plate, and a stud-link chain controller, that were retrieved from the Akko Tower shipwreck were studied by different methods, including conventional metallography, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, optical emission spectroscopy, microhardness measurements, and the novel field multi-focal metallography (FMM), in order to determine their composition, microstructure, and manufacturing methods. The results of FMM agree well with conventional destructive metallography. The winch drum was made of grey cast iron and its shaft was wrought iron; the heart-shaped shackle and the deadeye strap with a futtock plate were wrought iron; and the stud-link chain controller was grey cast iron similar in composition and microstructure to the winch. All the wrought iron items revealed a similar composition and microstructure. Based on the composition, microstructure, and manufacturing processes of the four items, it is suggested that they were manufactured in the mid-nineteenth century. The high quality of these items indicates that they were produced using controlled processes, probably in the same workshop. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:28:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d2b9e898b60f4602a73c94991ddd5e0e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:28:05Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-d2b9e898b60f4602a73c94991ddd5e0e2023-11-19T07:52:32ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-08-011317984510.3390/app13179845The Production of Marine Iron Objects in Europe Following the First Industrial Revolution: The Akko Tower Shipwreck Test CaseNoam Iddan0Dana Ashkenazi1Deborah Cvikel2Department of Maritime Civilizations, Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa 3103301, IsraelSafety Unit, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, IsraelDepartment of Maritime Civilizations, Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa 3103301, IsraelFour ferrous objects, a winch, a heart-shaped shackle, a deadeye strap with a futtock plate, and a stud-link chain controller, that were retrieved from the Akko Tower shipwreck were studied by different methods, including conventional metallography, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, optical emission spectroscopy, microhardness measurements, and the novel field multi-focal metallography (FMM), in order to determine their composition, microstructure, and manufacturing methods. The results of FMM agree well with conventional destructive metallography. The winch drum was made of grey cast iron and its shaft was wrought iron; the heart-shaped shackle and the deadeye strap with a futtock plate were wrought iron; and the stud-link chain controller was grey cast iron similar in composition and microstructure to the winch. All the wrought iron items revealed a similar composition and microstructure. Based on the composition, microstructure, and manufacturing processes of the four items, it is suggested that they were manufactured in the mid-nineteenth century. The high quality of these items indicates that they were produced using controlled processes, probably in the same workshop.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/17/9845grey cast ironfield multi-focal metallography (FMM)metallurgymicrostructureshipwreckwrought iron |
| spellingShingle | Noam Iddan Dana Ashkenazi Deborah Cvikel The Production of Marine Iron Objects in Europe Following the First Industrial Revolution: The Akko Tower Shipwreck Test Case Applied Sciences grey cast iron field multi-focal metallography (FMM) metallurgy microstructure shipwreck wrought iron |
| title | The Production of Marine Iron Objects in Europe Following the First Industrial Revolution: The Akko Tower Shipwreck Test Case |
| title_full | The Production of Marine Iron Objects in Europe Following the First Industrial Revolution: The Akko Tower Shipwreck Test Case |
| title_fullStr | The Production of Marine Iron Objects in Europe Following the First Industrial Revolution: The Akko Tower Shipwreck Test Case |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Production of Marine Iron Objects in Europe Following the First Industrial Revolution: The Akko Tower Shipwreck Test Case |
| title_short | The Production of Marine Iron Objects in Europe Following the First Industrial Revolution: The Akko Tower Shipwreck Test Case |
| title_sort | production of marine iron objects in europe following the first industrial revolution the akko tower shipwreck test case |
| topic | grey cast iron field multi-focal metallography (FMM) metallurgy microstructure shipwreck wrought iron |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/17/9845 |
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