In silico and in vivo evaluation of the anti-cryptosporidial activity of eugenol
BackgroundCryptosporidiosis is an opportunistic parasitic disease widely distributed worldwide. Although Cryptosporidium sp. causes asymptomatic infection in healthy people, it may lead to severe illness in immunocompromised individuals. Limited effective therapeutic alternatives are available again...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2024.1374116/full |
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| author | Hattan S. Gattan Hattan S. Gattan Majed H. Wakid Majed H. Wakid Rowaid M. Qahwaji Sarah Altwaim Sarah Altwaim Haifaa A. Mahjoub Mashael S. Alfaifi Hayam Elshazly Hayam Elshazly Wafa Abdullah I. Al-Megrin Eman Abdullah Alshehri Hatem A. Elshabrawy Asmaa M. El-kady |
| author_facet | Hattan S. Gattan Hattan S. Gattan Majed H. Wakid Majed H. Wakid Rowaid M. Qahwaji Sarah Altwaim Sarah Altwaim Haifaa A. Mahjoub Mashael S. Alfaifi Hayam Elshazly Hayam Elshazly Wafa Abdullah I. Al-Megrin Eman Abdullah Alshehri Hatem A. Elshabrawy Asmaa M. El-kady |
| author_sort | Hattan S. Gattan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundCryptosporidiosis is an opportunistic parasitic disease widely distributed worldwide. Although Cryptosporidium sp. causes asymptomatic infection in healthy people, it may lead to severe illness in immunocompromised individuals. Limited effective therapeutic alternatives are available against cryptosporidiosis in this category of patients. So, there is an urgent need for therapeutic alternatives for cryptosporidiosis. Recently, the potential uses of Eugenol (EUG) have been considered a promising novel treatment for bacterial and parasitic infections. Consequently, it is suggested to investigate the effect of EUG as an option for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis.Materials and methodsThe in silico bioinformatics analysis was used to predict and determine the binding affinities and intermolecular interactions of EUG and Nitazoxanide (NTZ) toward several Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) lowa II target proteins. For animal study, five groups of immunosuppressed Swiss albino mice (10 mice each) were used. Group I was left uninfected (control), and four groups were infected with 1,000 oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. The first infected group was left untreated. The remaining three infected groups received NTZ, EUG, and EUG + NTZ, respectively, on the 6th day post-infection (dpi). All mice were sacrificed 30 dpi. The efficacy of the used formulas was assessed by counting the number of C. parvum oocysts excreted in stool of infected mice, histopathological examination of the ileum and liver tissues and determination of the expression of iNOS in the ileum of mice in different animal groups.Resultstreatment with EUG resulted in a significant reduction in the number of oocysts secreted in stool when compared to infected untreated mice. In addition, oocyst excretion was significantly reduced in mice received a combination therapy of EUG and NTZ when compared with those received NTZ alone. EUG succeeded in reverting the histopathological alterations induced by Cryptosporidium infection either alone or in combination with NTZ. Moreover, mice received EUG showed marked reduction of the expression of iNOS in ileal tissues.ConclusionBased on the results, the present study signified a basis for utilizing EUG as an affordable, safe, and alternative therapy combined with NTZ in the management of cryptosporidiosis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T14:03:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d2dc1c8a3e3f415da4fc417c91b79cb6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2297-1769 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T14:03:27Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-d2dc1c8a3e3f415da4fc417c91b79cb62024-03-07T04:47:05ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692024-03-011110.3389/fvets.2024.13741161374116In silico and in vivo evaluation of the anti-cryptosporidial activity of eugenolHattan S. Gattan0Hattan S. Gattan1Majed H. Wakid2Majed H. Wakid3Rowaid M. Qahwaji4Sarah Altwaim5Sarah Altwaim6Haifaa A. Mahjoub7Mashael S. Alfaifi8Hayam Elshazly9Hayam Elshazly10Wafa Abdullah I. Al-Megrin11Eman Abdullah Alshehri12Hatem A. Elshabrawy13Asmaa M. El-kady14Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaSpecial Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaSpecial Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaSpecial Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaBiological Sciences Department, College of Sciences and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-Scientific Departments, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, EgyptDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia0Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX, United States1Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, EgyptBackgroundCryptosporidiosis is an opportunistic parasitic disease widely distributed worldwide. Although Cryptosporidium sp. causes asymptomatic infection in healthy people, it may lead to severe illness in immunocompromised individuals. Limited effective therapeutic alternatives are available against cryptosporidiosis in this category of patients. So, there is an urgent need for therapeutic alternatives for cryptosporidiosis. Recently, the potential uses of Eugenol (EUG) have been considered a promising novel treatment for bacterial and parasitic infections. Consequently, it is suggested to investigate the effect of EUG as an option for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis.Materials and methodsThe in silico bioinformatics analysis was used to predict and determine the binding affinities and intermolecular interactions of EUG and Nitazoxanide (NTZ) toward several Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) lowa II target proteins. For animal study, five groups of immunosuppressed Swiss albino mice (10 mice each) were used. Group I was left uninfected (control), and four groups were infected with 1,000 oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. The first infected group was left untreated. The remaining three infected groups received NTZ, EUG, and EUG + NTZ, respectively, on the 6th day post-infection (dpi). All mice were sacrificed 30 dpi. The efficacy of the used formulas was assessed by counting the number of C. parvum oocysts excreted in stool of infected mice, histopathological examination of the ileum and liver tissues and determination of the expression of iNOS in the ileum of mice in different animal groups.Resultstreatment with EUG resulted in a significant reduction in the number of oocysts secreted in stool when compared to infected untreated mice. In addition, oocyst excretion was significantly reduced in mice received a combination therapy of EUG and NTZ when compared with those received NTZ alone. EUG succeeded in reverting the histopathological alterations induced by Cryptosporidium infection either alone or in combination with NTZ. Moreover, mice received EUG showed marked reduction of the expression of iNOS in ileal tissues.ConclusionBased on the results, the present study signified a basis for utilizing EUG as an affordable, safe, and alternative therapy combined with NTZ in the management of cryptosporidiosis.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2024.1374116/fullCryptosporidiumimmunocompromisedeugenolnitazoxanideiNOS |
| spellingShingle | Hattan S. Gattan Hattan S. Gattan Majed H. Wakid Majed H. Wakid Rowaid M. Qahwaji Sarah Altwaim Sarah Altwaim Haifaa A. Mahjoub Mashael S. Alfaifi Hayam Elshazly Hayam Elshazly Wafa Abdullah I. Al-Megrin Eman Abdullah Alshehri Hatem A. Elshabrawy Asmaa M. El-kady In silico and in vivo evaluation of the anti-cryptosporidial activity of eugenol Frontiers in Veterinary Science Cryptosporidium immunocompromised eugenol nitazoxanide iNOS |
| title | In silico and in vivo evaluation of the anti-cryptosporidial activity of eugenol |
| title_full | In silico and in vivo evaluation of the anti-cryptosporidial activity of eugenol |
| title_fullStr | In silico and in vivo evaluation of the anti-cryptosporidial activity of eugenol |
| title_full_unstemmed | In silico and in vivo evaluation of the anti-cryptosporidial activity of eugenol |
| title_short | In silico and in vivo evaluation of the anti-cryptosporidial activity of eugenol |
| title_sort | in silico and in vivo evaluation of the anti cryptosporidial activity of eugenol |
| topic | Cryptosporidium immunocompromised eugenol nitazoxanide iNOS |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2024.1374116/full |
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