Machine learning in 3D auto-filling alveolar cleft of CT images to assess the influence of alveolar bone grafting on the development of maxilla
Abstract Background Machine learning based auto-segmentation of 3D images has been developed rapidly in recent years. However, the application of this new method in the research of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) is very limited. In this study, a machine learning algorithm utili...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-01-01
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| Series: | BMC Oral Health |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-02706-8 |
| _version_ | 1797952376520310784 |
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| author | Xin Zhang Niu Qin Zhibo Zhou Si Chen |
| author_facet | Xin Zhang Niu Qin Zhibo Zhou Si Chen |
| author_sort | Xin Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Machine learning based auto-segmentation of 3D images has been developed rapidly in recent years. However, the application of this new method in the research of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) is very limited. In this study, a machine learning algorithm utilizing 3D U-net was used to automatically segment the maxilla, fill the cleft and evaluate the alveolar bone graft in UCLP patients. Cleft related factors and the surgery impact on the development of maxilla were analyzed. Methods Preoperative and postoperative computed tomography images of 32 patients (64 images) were obtained. The deep-learning-based protocol was used to segment the maxilla and defect, followed by manual refinement. Paired t-tests and Mann-Whitney tests were performed to reveal the changes of the maxilla after surgery. Two-factor, two-level analysis for repeated measurement was used to examine the different trends of growth on the cleft and non-cleft sides of the maxilla. Pearson and Spearman correlations were used to explore the relationship between the defect and the changes of the maxillary cleft side. Results One-year after the alveolar bone grafting surgery, different growth amount was found on the cleft and non-cleft sides of maxilla. The maxillary length (from 34.64 ± 2.48 to 35.67 ± 2.45 mm) and the alveolar length (from 36.58 ± 3.21 to 37.63 ± 2.94 mm) increased significantly only on the cleft side while the maxillary anterior width (from 11.61 ± 1.61 to 12.01 ± 1.41 mm) and posterior width (from 29.63 ± 2.25 to 30.74 ± 2.63 mm) increased significantly only on the non-cleft side after surgery. Morphology of the cleft was found to be related to the pre-surgical maxillary dimension on the cleft side, while its correlation with the change of the maxilla after surgery was low or not statistically significant. Conclusion The auto-segmentation of the maxilla and the cleft could be performed very efficiently and accurately with the machine learning method. Asymmetric growth was found on the cleft and non-cleft sides of the maxilla after alveolar bone graft in UCLP patients. The morphology of the cleft mainly contributed to the pre-operation variance of the maxilla but had little impact on the maxilla growth after surgery. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T22:45:22Z |
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| id | doaj.art-d2ea8550c2b24c9aa503affa6cafe82f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1472-6831 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T22:45:22Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
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| series | BMC Oral Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-d2ea8550c2b24c9aa503affa6cafe82f2023-01-15T12:22:59ZengBMCBMC Oral Health1472-68312023-01-0123111010.1186/s12903-023-02706-8Machine learning in 3D auto-filling alveolar cleft of CT images to assess the influence of alveolar bone grafting on the development of maxillaXin Zhang0Niu Qin1Zhibo Zhou2Si Chen3Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical DevicesDepartment of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical DevicesDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical DevicesDepartment of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical DevicesAbstract Background Machine learning based auto-segmentation of 3D images has been developed rapidly in recent years. However, the application of this new method in the research of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) is very limited. In this study, a machine learning algorithm utilizing 3D U-net was used to automatically segment the maxilla, fill the cleft and evaluate the alveolar bone graft in UCLP patients. Cleft related factors and the surgery impact on the development of maxilla were analyzed. Methods Preoperative and postoperative computed tomography images of 32 patients (64 images) were obtained. The deep-learning-based protocol was used to segment the maxilla and defect, followed by manual refinement. Paired t-tests and Mann-Whitney tests were performed to reveal the changes of the maxilla after surgery. Two-factor, two-level analysis for repeated measurement was used to examine the different trends of growth on the cleft and non-cleft sides of the maxilla. Pearson and Spearman correlations were used to explore the relationship between the defect and the changes of the maxillary cleft side. Results One-year after the alveolar bone grafting surgery, different growth amount was found on the cleft and non-cleft sides of maxilla. The maxillary length (from 34.64 ± 2.48 to 35.67 ± 2.45 mm) and the alveolar length (from 36.58 ± 3.21 to 37.63 ± 2.94 mm) increased significantly only on the cleft side while the maxillary anterior width (from 11.61 ± 1.61 to 12.01 ± 1.41 mm) and posterior width (from 29.63 ± 2.25 to 30.74 ± 2.63 mm) increased significantly only on the non-cleft side after surgery. Morphology of the cleft was found to be related to the pre-surgical maxillary dimension on the cleft side, while its correlation with the change of the maxilla after surgery was low or not statistically significant. Conclusion The auto-segmentation of the maxilla and the cleft could be performed very efficiently and accurately with the machine learning method. Asymmetric growth was found on the cleft and non-cleft sides of the maxilla after alveolar bone graft in UCLP patients. The morphology of the cleft mainly contributed to the pre-operation variance of the maxilla but had little impact on the maxilla growth after surgery.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-02706-8Machine learningCTUnilateral cleft lip and palateAlveolar cleftAlveolar bone graftingAuto-filling alveolar cleft |
| spellingShingle | Xin Zhang Niu Qin Zhibo Zhou Si Chen Machine learning in 3D auto-filling alveolar cleft of CT images to assess the influence of alveolar bone grafting on the development of maxilla BMC Oral Health Machine learning CT Unilateral cleft lip and palate Alveolar cleft Alveolar bone grafting Auto-filling alveolar cleft |
| title | Machine learning in 3D auto-filling alveolar cleft of CT images to assess the influence of alveolar bone grafting on the development of maxilla |
| title_full | Machine learning in 3D auto-filling alveolar cleft of CT images to assess the influence of alveolar bone grafting on the development of maxilla |
| title_fullStr | Machine learning in 3D auto-filling alveolar cleft of CT images to assess the influence of alveolar bone grafting on the development of maxilla |
| title_full_unstemmed | Machine learning in 3D auto-filling alveolar cleft of CT images to assess the influence of alveolar bone grafting on the development of maxilla |
| title_short | Machine learning in 3D auto-filling alveolar cleft of CT images to assess the influence of alveolar bone grafting on the development of maxilla |
| title_sort | machine learning in 3d auto filling alveolar cleft of ct images to assess the influence of alveolar bone grafting on the development of maxilla |
| topic | Machine learning CT Unilateral cleft lip and palate Alveolar cleft Alveolar bone grafting Auto-filling alveolar cleft |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-02706-8 |
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