Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines
The emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 and their abilities to evade the immune response elicited through presently available vaccination makes it essential to recognize the mechanisms through which SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the human immune response. It is essential not only to comprehend the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/1/101 |
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| author | Manish Dhawan Ali A. Rabaan Mahmoud M. Al Fawarah Souad A. Almuthree Roua A. Alsubki Amal H. Alfaraj Mutaib M. Mashraqi Saleh A. Alshamrani Wesam A. Abduljabbar Ameen S. S. Alwashmi Fatimah Al Ibrahim Abdulmonem A. Alsaleh Faryal Khamis Jameela Alsalman Manish Sharma Talha Bin Emran |
| author_facet | Manish Dhawan Ali A. Rabaan Mahmoud M. Al Fawarah Souad A. Almuthree Roua A. Alsubki Amal H. Alfaraj Mutaib M. Mashraqi Saleh A. Alshamrani Wesam A. Abduljabbar Ameen S. S. Alwashmi Fatimah Al Ibrahim Abdulmonem A. Alsaleh Faryal Khamis Jameela Alsalman Manish Sharma Talha Bin Emran |
| author_sort | Manish Dhawan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 and their abilities to evade the immune response elicited through presently available vaccination makes it essential to recognize the mechanisms through which SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the human immune response. It is essential not only to comprehend the infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 but also for the generation of effective and reliable vaccines against COVID-19. The effectiveness of the vaccine is supported by the adaptive immune response, which mainly consists of B and T cells, which play a critical role in deciding the prognosis of the COVID-19 disease. T cells are essential for reducing the viral load and containing the infection. A plethora of viral proteins can be recognized by T cells and provide a broad range of protection, especially amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2. However, the hyperactivation of the effector T cells and reduced number of lymphocytes have been found to be the key characteristics of the severe disease. Notably, excessive T cell activation may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by producing unwarranted and excessive amounts of cytokines and chemokines. Nevertheless, it is still unknown how T-cell-mediated immune responses function in determining the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, it is unknown how the functional perturbations in the T cells lead to the severe form of the disease and to reduced protection not only against SARS-CoV-2 but many other viral infections. Hence, an updated review has been developed to understand the involvement of T cells in the infection mechanism, which in turn determines the prognosis of the disease. Importantly, we have also focused on the T cells’ exhaustion under certain conditions and how these functional perturbations can be modulated for an effective immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, a range of therapeutic strategies has been discussed that can elevate the T cell-mediated immune response either directly or indirectly. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:04:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d30955b72a9b460cb582c012c17da91f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:04:34Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-d30955b72a9b460cb582c012c17da91f2023-12-01T01:02:22ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2023-01-0111110110.3390/vaccines11010101Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable VaccinesManish Dhawan0Ali A. Rabaan1Mahmoud M. Al Fawarah2Souad A. Almuthree3Roua A. Alsubki4Amal H. Alfaraj5Mutaib M. Mashraqi6Saleh A. Alshamrani7Wesam A. Abduljabbar8Ameen S. S. Alwashmi9Fatimah Al Ibrahim10Abdulmonem A. Alsaleh11Faryal Khamis12Jameela Alsalman13Manish Sharma14Talha Bin Emran15Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, IndiaMolecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi ArabiaMicrobiology Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Infectious Disease, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 43442, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi ArabiaPediatric Department, Abqaiq General Hospital, First Eastern Health Cluster, Abqaiq 33261, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, Jeddah 21134, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi ArabiaInfectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi ArabiaClinical Laboratory Science Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi ArabiaInfection Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Royal Hospital, Muscat 1331, OmanInfection Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 435, BahrainUniversity Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, IndiaDepartment of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, BangladeshThe emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 and their abilities to evade the immune response elicited through presently available vaccination makes it essential to recognize the mechanisms through which SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the human immune response. It is essential not only to comprehend the infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 but also for the generation of effective and reliable vaccines against COVID-19. The effectiveness of the vaccine is supported by the adaptive immune response, which mainly consists of B and T cells, which play a critical role in deciding the prognosis of the COVID-19 disease. T cells are essential for reducing the viral load and containing the infection. A plethora of viral proteins can be recognized by T cells and provide a broad range of protection, especially amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2. However, the hyperactivation of the effector T cells and reduced number of lymphocytes have been found to be the key characteristics of the severe disease. Notably, excessive T cell activation may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by producing unwarranted and excessive amounts of cytokines and chemokines. Nevertheless, it is still unknown how T-cell-mediated immune responses function in determining the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, it is unknown how the functional perturbations in the T cells lead to the severe form of the disease and to reduced protection not only against SARS-CoV-2 but many other viral infections. Hence, an updated review has been developed to understand the involvement of T cells in the infection mechanism, which in turn determines the prognosis of the disease. Importantly, we have also focused on the T cells’ exhaustion under certain conditions and how these functional perturbations can be modulated for an effective immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, a range of therapeutic strategies has been discussed that can elevate the T cell-mediated immune response either directly or indirectly.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/1/101COVID-19immune responseSARS-CoV-2T cellsT-cells’ exhaustionTherapeutics |
| spellingShingle | Manish Dhawan Ali A. Rabaan Mahmoud M. Al Fawarah Souad A. Almuthree Roua A. Alsubki Amal H. Alfaraj Mutaib M. Mashraqi Saleh A. Alshamrani Wesam A. Abduljabbar Ameen S. S. Alwashmi Fatimah Al Ibrahim Abdulmonem A. Alsaleh Faryal Khamis Jameela Alsalman Manish Sharma Talha Bin Emran Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines Vaccines COVID-19 immune response SARS-CoV-2 T cells T-cells’ exhaustion Therapeutics |
| title | Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines |
| title_full | Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines |
| title_fullStr | Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines |
| title_short | Updated Insights into the T Cell-Mediated Immune Response against SARS-CoV-2: A Step towards Efficient and Reliable Vaccines |
| title_sort | updated insights into the t cell mediated immune response against sars cov 2 a step towards efficient and reliable vaccines |
| topic | COVID-19 immune response SARS-CoV-2 T cells T-cells’ exhaustion Therapeutics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/1/101 |
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