Intracellular freezing in the infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae: an entomopathogenic nematode.
Taking advantage of their optical transparency, we clearly observed the third stage infective juveniles (IJs) of Steinernema feltiae freezing under a cryo-stage microscope. The IJs froze when the water surrounding them froze at -2°C and below. However, they avoid inoculative freezing at -1°C, sugges...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2014-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094179&type=printable |
| _version_ | 1826587132592914432 |
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| author | Farman Ali David A Wharton |
| author_facet | Farman Ali David A Wharton |
| author_sort | Farman Ali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Taking advantage of their optical transparency, we clearly observed the third stage infective juveniles (IJs) of Steinernema feltiae freezing under a cryo-stage microscope. The IJs froze when the water surrounding them froze at -2°C and below. However, they avoid inoculative freezing at -1°C, suggesting cryoprotective dehydration. Freezing was evident as a sudden darkening and cessation of IJs' movement. Freeze substitution and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the IJs of S. feltiae freeze intracellularly. Ice crystals were found in every compartment of the body. IJs frozen at high sub-zero temperatures (-1 and -3°C) survived and had small ice crystals. Those frozen at -10°C had large ice crystals and did not survive. However, the pattern of ice formation was not well-controlled and individual nematodes frozen at -3°C had both small and large ice crystals. IJs frozen by plunging directly into liquid nitrogen had small ice crystals, but did not survive. This study thus presents the evidence that S. feltiae is only the second freeze tolerant animal, after the Antarctic nematode Panagrolaimus davidi, shown to withstand extensive intracellular freezing. |
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| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | doaj.art-d3138a05fc5e44b98373cacb4677045f2025-02-22T05:33:40ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032014-01-0194e9417910.1371/journal.pone.0094179Intracellular freezing in the infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae: an entomopathogenic nematode.Farman AliDavid A WhartonTaking advantage of their optical transparency, we clearly observed the third stage infective juveniles (IJs) of Steinernema feltiae freezing under a cryo-stage microscope. The IJs froze when the water surrounding them froze at -2°C and below. However, they avoid inoculative freezing at -1°C, suggesting cryoprotective dehydration. Freezing was evident as a sudden darkening and cessation of IJs' movement. Freeze substitution and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the IJs of S. feltiae freeze intracellularly. Ice crystals were found in every compartment of the body. IJs frozen at high sub-zero temperatures (-1 and -3°C) survived and had small ice crystals. Those frozen at -10°C had large ice crystals and did not survive. However, the pattern of ice formation was not well-controlled and individual nematodes frozen at -3°C had both small and large ice crystals. IJs frozen by plunging directly into liquid nitrogen had small ice crystals, but did not survive. This study thus presents the evidence that S. feltiae is only the second freeze tolerant animal, after the Antarctic nematode Panagrolaimus davidi, shown to withstand extensive intracellular freezing.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094179&type=printable |
| spellingShingle | Farman Ali David A Wharton Intracellular freezing in the infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae: an entomopathogenic nematode. PLoS ONE |
| title | Intracellular freezing in the infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae: an entomopathogenic nematode. |
| title_full | Intracellular freezing in the infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae: an entomopathogenic nematode. |
| title_fullStr | Intracellular freezing in the infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae: an entomopathogenic nematode. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intracellular freezing in the infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae: an entomopathogenic nematode. |
| title_short | Intracellular freezing in the infective juveniles of Steinernema feltiae: an entomopathogenic nematode. |
| title_sort | intracellular freezing in the infective juveniles of steinernema feltiae an entomopathogenic nematode |
| url | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094179&type=printable |
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