<i>In Vitro</i> Bactericidal Effects of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Four Tetracyclines against <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> KCTC5009 in Planktonic Cultures
Surface disinfection in health-care facilities is critical to prevent dissemination of <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> (<i>C. difficile</i>). Tetracyclines (TCs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are associated with a low risk of development of <i>C. difficile</i&g...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2020-04-01
|
| Series: | Pathogens |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/4/279 |
| _version_ | 1797570856992374784 |
|---|---|
| author | Sung Sook Choi Hui Yeong Oh Eui Jin Kim Hae Kyung Lee Hyung Keun Kim Hyun Ho Choi Sang Woo Kim Hiun Suk Chae |
| author_facet | Sung Sook Choi Hui Yeong Oh Eui Jin Kim Hae Kyung Lee Hyung Keun Kim Hyun Ho Choi Sang Woo Kim Hiun Suk Chae |
| author_sort | Sung Sook Choi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Surface disinfection in health-care facilities is critical to prevent dissemination of <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> (<i>C. difficile</i>). Tetracyclines (TCs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are associated with a low risk of development of <i>C. difficile</i> infection (CDI) and are used as photosensitizers (PS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). We evaluated whether TCs may be useful environmental cleansing agents. We compared the in vitro ability to kill <i>C. difficile</i> of four TCs (TC, doxycycline, minocycline, and tigecycline) combined with PDT using ultraviolet A (UVA). We included chitosan, a cationic material, as a booster to increase the photodynamic bactericidal efficacy of TCs. PDT-induced bactericidal effects were assessed by the number of viable cells and the degree of DNA damage and membrane integrity. To avoid the intrinsic antibacterial activity of TCs at high concentrations, we used low concentrations of TCs (0.05 and 0.1 mg/mL). The bactericidal effect of treatment with chitosan plus PDT was over 100 times higher than that with PDT alone for each of the four TCs. DNA damage measured by ethidium bromide monoazide and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was also greater for PDT plus chitosan treatment than for PDT alone or under control conditions: the threshold cycle (Ct) values for the control, PDT, and PDT plus chitosan were 14.67 ± 0.22, 20.46 ± 0.12, and 25.54 ± 0.17, respectively. All four TCs caused similar levels of severe cell membrane damage during PDT compared with control conditions. These data suggest that PDT combined with any of the four TCs plus chitosan might be an available tool to kill efficiently planktonic form of <i>C. difficile</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:31:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d33edc2f88b54d9082380f92a857794b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:31:24Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-d33edc2f88b54d9082380f92a857794b2023-11-19T21:22:09ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172020-04-019427910.3390/pathogens9040279<i>In Vitro</i> Bactericidal Effects of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Four Tetracyclines against <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> KCTC5009 in Planktonic CulturesSung Sook Choi0Hui Yeong Oh1Eui Jin Kim2Hae Kyung Lee3Hyung Keun Kim4Hyun Ho Choi5Sang Woo Kim6Hiun Suk Chae7College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, KoreaInternal Medicine Uijongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, KoreaInternal Medicine Uijongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, KoreaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine Uijongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, KoreaInternal Medicine Uijongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, KoreaInternal Medicine Uijongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, KoreaInternal Medicine Uijongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, KoreaInternal Medicine Uijongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, KoreaSurface disinfection in health-care facilities is critical to prevent dissemination of <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> (<i>C. difficile</i>). Tetracyclines (TCs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics that are associated with a low risk of development of <i>C. difficile</i> infection (CDI) and are used as photosensitizers (PS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). We evaluated whether TCs may be useful environmental cleansing agents. We compared the in vitro ability to kill <i>C. difficile</i> of four TCs (TC, doxycycline, minocycline, and tigecycline) combined with PDT using ultraviolet A (UVA). We included chitosan, a cationic material, as a booster to increase the photodynamic bactericidal efficacy of TCs. PDT-induced bactericidal effects were assessed by the number of viable cells and the degree of DNA damage and membrane integrity. To avoid the intrinsic antibacterial activity of TCs at high concentrations, we used low concentrations of TCs (0.05 and 0.1 mg/mL). The bactericidal effect of treatment with chitosan plus PDT was over 100 times higher than that with PDT alone for each of the four TCs. DNA damage measured by ethidium bromide monoazide and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was also greater for PDT plus chitosan treatment than for PDT alone or under control conditions: the threshold cycle (Ct) values for the control, PDT, and PDT plus chitosan were 14.67 ± 0.22, 20.46 ± 0.12, and 25.54 ± 0.17, respectively. All four TCs caused similar levels of severe cell membrane damage during PDT compared with control conditions. These data suggest that PDT combined with any of the four TCs plus chitosan might be an available tool to kill efficiently planktonic form of <i>C. difficile</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/4/279<i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection (CDI)photodynamic therapy (PDT)UVAtetracyclineschitosandisinfection |
| spellingShingle | Sung Sook Choi Hui Yeong Oh Eui Jin Kim Hae Kyung Lee Hyung Keun Kim Hyun Ho Choi Sang Woo Kim Hiun Suk Chae <i>In Vitro</i> Bactericidal Effects of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Four Tetracyclines against <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> KCTC5009 in Planktonic Cultures Pathogens <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection (CDI) photodynamic therapy (PDT) UVA tetracyclines chitosan disinfection |
| title | <i>In Vitro</i> Bactericidal Effects of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Four Tetracyclines against <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> KCTC5009 in Planktonic Cultures |
| title_full | <i>In Vitro</i> Bactericidal Effects of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Four Tetracyclines against <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> KCTC5009 in Planktonic Cultures |
| title_fullStr | <i>In Vitro</i> Bactericidal Effects of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Four Tetracyclines against <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> KCTC5009 in Planktonic Cultures |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>In Vitro</i> Bactericidal Effects of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Four Tetracyclines against <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> KCTC5009 in Planktonic Cultures |
| title_short | <i>In Vitro</i> Bactericidal Effects of Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Four Tetracyclines against <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> KCTC5009 in Planktonic Cultures |
| title_sort | i in vitro i bactericidal effects of photodynamic therapy combined with four tetracyclines against i clostridioides difficile i kctc5009 in planktonic cultures |
| topic | <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection (CDI) photodynamic therapy (PDT) UVA tetracyclines chitosan disinfection |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/4/279 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sungsookchoi iinvitroibactericidaleffectsofphotodynamictherapycombinedwithfourtetracyclinesagainsticlostridioidesdifficileikctc5009inplanktoniccultures AT huiyeongoh iinvitroibactericidaleffectsofphotodynamictherapycombinedwithfourtetracyclinesagainsticlostridioidesdifficileikctc5009inplanktoniccultures AT euijinkim iinvitroibactericidaleffectsofphotodynamictherapycombinedwithfourtetracyclinesagainsticlostridioidesdifficileikctc5009inplanktoniccultures AT haekyunglee iinvitroibactericidaleffectsofphotodynamictherapycombinedwithfourtetracyclinesagainsticlostridioidesdifficileikctc5009inplanktoniccultures AT hyungkeunkim iinvitroibactericidaleffectsofphotodynamictherapycombinedwithfourtetracyclinesagainsticlostridioidesdifficileikctc5009inplanktoniccultures AT hyunhochoi iinvitroibactericidaleffectsofphotodynamictherapycombinedwithfourtetracyclinesagainsticlostridioidesdifficileikctc5009inplanktoniccultures AT sangwookim iinvitroibactericidaleffectsofphotodynamictherapycombinedwithfourtetracyclinesagainsticlostridioidesdifficileikctc5009inplanktoniccultures AT hiunsukchae iinvitroibactericidaleffectsofphotodynamictherapycombinedwithfourtetracyclinesagainsticlostridioidesdifficileikctc5009inplanktoniccultures |