Feasibility of Monitoring Tumor Response by Tracking Nanoparticle-Labelled T Cells Using X-ray Fluorescence Imaging—A Numerical Study
Immunotherapy has been a breakthrough in cancer treatment, yet only a subgroup of patients responds to these novel drugs. Parameters such as cytotoxic T-cell infiltration into the tumor have been proposed for the early evaluation and prediction of therapeutic response, demanded for non-invasive, sen...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/16/8736 |
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| author | Henrik Kahl Theresa Staufer Christian Körnig Oliver Schmutzler Kai Rothkamm Florian Grüner |
| author_facet | Henrik Kahl Theresa Staufer Christian Körnig Oliver Schmutzler Kai Rothkamm Florian Grüner |
| author_sort | Henrik Kahl |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Immunotherapy has been a breakthrough in cancer treatment, yet only a subgroup of patients responds to these novel drugs. Parameters such as cytotoxic T-cell infiltration into the tumor have been proposed for the early evaluation and prediction of therapeutic response, demanded for non-invasive, sensitive and longitudinal imaging. We have evaluated the feasibility of X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) to track immune cells and thus monitor the immune response. For that, we have performed Monte Carlo simulations using a mouse voxel model. Spherical targets, enriched with gold or palladium fluorescence agents, were positioned within the model and imaged using a monochromatic photon beam of 53 or 85 keV. Based on our simulation results, XFI may detect as few as 730 to 2400 T cells labelled with 195 pg gold each when imaging subcutaneous tumors in mice, with a spatial resolution of 1 mm. However, the detection threshold is influenced by the depth of the tumor as surrounding tissue increases scattering and absorption, especially when utilizing palladium imaging agents with low-energy characteristic fluorescence photons. Further evaluation and conduction of in vivo animal experiments will be required to validate and advance these promising results. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:45:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d3682a3643d6400c8da9d350adea880d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:45:11Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-d3682a3643d6400c8da9d350adea880d2023-11-22T07:59:45ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-08-012216873610.3390/ijms22168736Feasibility of Monitoring Tumor Response by Tracking Nanoparticle-Labelled T Cells Using X-ray Fluorescence Imaging—A Numerical StudyHenrik Kahl0Theresa Staufer1Christian Körnig2Oliver Schmutzler3Kai Rothkamm4Florian Grüner5University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty, University of Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, GermanyUniversität Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, GermanyUniversität Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, GermanyUniversität Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, GermanyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty, University of Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, GermanyUniversität Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science (CFEL), Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, GermanyImmunotherapy has been a breakthrough in cancer treatment, yet only a subgroup of patients responds to these novel drugs. Parameters such as cytotoxic T-cell infiltration into the tumor have been proposed for the early evaluation and prediction of therapeutic response, demanded for non-invasive, sensitive and longitudinal imaging. We have evaluated the feasibility of X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) to track immune cells and thus monitor the immune response. For that, we have performed Monte Carlo simulations using a mouse voxel model. Spherical targets, enriched with gold or palladium fluorescence agents, were positioned within the model and imaged using a monochromatic photon beam of 53 or 85 keV. Based on our simulation results, XFI may detect as few as 730 to 2400 T cells labelled with 195 pg gold each when imaging subcutaneous tumors in mice, with a spatial resolution of 1 mm. However, the detection threshold is influenced by the depth of the tumor as surrounding tissue increases scattering and absorption, especially when utilizing palladium imaging agents with low-energy characteristic fluorescence photons. Further evaluation and conduction of in vivo animal experiments will be required to validate and advance these promising results.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/16/8736XFIX-ray fluorescence imagingT cellimmunotherapynanoparticlesgold |
| spellingShingle | Henrik Kahl Theresa Staufer Christian Körnig Oliver Schmutzler Kai Rothkamm Florian Grüner Feasibility of Monitoring Tumor Response by Tracking Nanoparticle-Labelled T Cells Using X-ray Fluorescence Imaging—A Numerical Study International Journal of Molecular Sciences XFI X-ray fluorescence imaging T cell immunotherapy nanoparticles gold |
| title | Feasibility of Monitoring Tumor Response by Tracking Nanoparticle-Labelled T Cells Using X-ray Fluorescence Imaging—A Numerical Study |
| title_full | Feasibility of Monitoring Tumor Response by Tracking Nanoparticle-Labelled T Cells Using X-ray Fluorescence Imaging—A Numerical Study |
| title_fullStr | Feasibility of Monitoring Tumor Response by Tracking Nanoparticle-Labelled T Cells Using X-ray Fluorescence Imaging—A Numerical Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Feasibility of Monitoring Tumor Response by Tracking Nanoparticle-Labelled T Cells Using X-ray Fluorescence Imaging—A Numerical Study |
| title_short | Feasibility of Monitoring Tumor Response by Tracking Nanoparticle-Labelled T Cells Using X-ray Fluorescence Imaging—A Numerical Study |
| title_sort | feasibility of monitoring tumor response by tracking nanoparticle labelled t cells using x ray fluorescence imaging a numerical study |
| topic | XFI X-ray fluorescence imaging T cell immunotherapy nanoparticles gold |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/16/8736 |
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