Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic Clostridia
<i>Clostridium</i> is a broad genus of anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can be found in different environments all around the world. The genus includes human and animal pathogens that produce potent exotoxins that cause rapid and potentially fatal disease...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-09-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/9/525 |
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| author | Nicolas E. Zaragoza Camila A. Orellana Glenn A. Moonen George Moutafis Esteban Marcellin |
| author_facet | Nicolas E. Zaragoza Camila A. Orellana Glenn A. Moonen George Moutafis Esteban Marcellin |
| author_sort | Nicolas E. Zaragoza |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Clostridium</i> is a broad genus of anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can be found in different environments all around the world. The genus includes human and animal pathogens that produce potent exotoxins that cause rapid and potentially fatal diseases responsible for countless human casualties and billion-dollar annual loss to the agricultural sector. Diseases include botulism, tetanus, enterotoxemia, gas gangrene, necrotic enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis, blackleg, and black disease, which are caused by pathogenic <i>Clostridium</i>. Due to their ability to sporulate, they cannot be eradicated from the environment. As such, immunization with toxoid or bacterin-toxoid vaccines is the only protective method against infection. Toxins recovered from <i>Clostridium</i> cultures are inactivated to form toxoids, which are then formulated into multivalent vaccines. This review discusses the toxins, diseases, and toxoid production processes of the most common pathogenic <i>Clostridium</i> species, including <i>Clostridium botulinum</i>, <i>Clostridium tetani</i>, <i>Clostridium perfringens</i>, <i>Clostridium chauvoei</i>, <i>Clostridium septicum</i>, <i>Clostridium novyi</i> and <i>Clostridium hemolyticum.</i> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T06:55:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d378f977b4284141b1640e151e013c40 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T06:55:37Z |
| publishDate | 2019-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-d378f977b4284141b1640e151e013c402022-12-22T01:58:27ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512019-09-0111952510.3390/toxins11090525toxins11090525Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic ClostridiaNicolas E. Zaragoza0Camila A. Orellana1Glenn A. Moonen2George Moutafis3Esteban Marcellin4Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, AustraliaAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, AustraliaZoetis, 45 Poplar Road, Parkville VIC 3052, AustraliaZoetis, 45 Poplar Road, Parkville VIC 3052, AustraliaAustralian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia<i>Clostridium</i> is a broad genus of anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can be found in different environments all around the world. The genus includes human and animal pathogens that produce potent exotoxins that cause rapid and potentially fatal diseases responsible for countless human casualties and billion-dollar annual loss to the agricultural sector. Diseases include botulism, tetanus, enterotoxemia, gas gangrene, necrotic enteritis, pseudomembranous colitis, blackleg, and black disease, which are caused by pathogenic <i>Clostridium</i>. Due to their ability to sporulate, they cannot be eradicated from the environment. As such, immunization with toxoid or bacterin-toxoid vaccines is the only protective method against infection. Toxins recovered from <i>Clostridium</i> cultures are inactivated to form toxoids, which are then formulated into multivalent vaccines. This review discusses the toxins, diseases, and toxoid production processes of the most common pathogenic <i>Clostridium</i> species, including <i>Clostridium botulinum</i>, <i>Clostridium tetani</i>, <i>Clostridium perfringens</i>, <i>Clostridium chauvoei</i>, <i>Clostridium septicum</i>, <i>Clostridium novyi</i> and <i>Clostridium hemolyticum.</i>https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/9/525<i>Clostridium</i>clostridia diseasesvaccine productiontoxoidsfermentation |
| spellingShingle | Nicolas E. Zaragoza Camila A. Orellana Glenn A. Moonen George Moutafis Esteban Marcellin Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic Clostridia Toxins <i>Clostridium</i> clostridia diseases vaccine production toxoids fermentation |
| title | Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic Clostridia |
| title_full | Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic Clostridia |
| title_fullStr | Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic Clostridia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic Clostridia |
| title_short | Vaccine Production to Protect Animals Against Pathogenic Clostridia |
| title_sort | vaccine production to protect animals against pathogenic clostridia |
| topic | <i>Clostridium</i> clostridia diseases vaccine production toxoids fermentation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/9/525 |
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