Genetic and Molecular Evidence of a Tetrapolar Mating System in the Edible Mushroom <i>Grifola frondosa</i>
<i>Grifola frondosa</i> is a valuable edible fungus with high nutritional and medicinal values. The mating systems of fungi not only offer practical strategies for breeding, but also have far-reaching effects on genetic variability. <i>Grifola frondosa</i> has been considered...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/10/959 |
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| author | Shuang-Shuang Zhang Xiao Li Guo-Jie Li Qi Huang Jing-Hua Tian Jun-Ling Wang Ming Li Shou-Mian Li |
| author_facet | Shuang-Shuang Zhang Xiao Li Guo-Jie Li Qi Huang Jing-Hua Tian Jun-Ling Wang Ming Li Shou-Mian Li |
| author_sort | Shuang-Shuang Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Grifola frondosa</i> is a valuable edible fungus with high nutritional and medicinal values. The mating systems of fungi not only offer practical strategies for breeding, but also have far-reaching effects on genetic variability. <i>Grifola frondosa</i> has been considered as a sexual species with a tetrapolar mating system based on little experimental data. In the present study, one group of test crosses and six groups of three-round mating experiments from two parental strains were conducted to determine the mating system in <i>G. frondosa</i>. A chi-squared test of the results of the test-cross mating experiments indicated that they satisfied Mendelian segregation, while a series of three-round mating experiments showed that Mendelian segregation was not satisfied, implying a segregation distortion phenomenon in <i>G. frondosa</i>. A genomic map of the <i>G. frondosa</i> strain, y59, grown from an LMCZ basidiospore, with 40.54 Mb and 12 chromosomes, was generated using genome, transcriptome and Hi-C sequencing technology. Based on the genomic annotation of <i>G. frondosa</i>, the mating-type loci A and B were located on chromosomes 1 and 11, respectively. The mating-type locus A coded for the β-fg protein, HD1, HD2 and MIP, in that order. The mating-type locus B consisted of six pheromone receptors (PRs) and five pheromone precursors (PPs) in a crossed order. Moreover, both HD and PR loci may have only one sublocus that determines the mating type in <i>G. frondosa</i>. The nonsynonymous SNP and indel mutations between the A<sub>1</sub>B<sub>1</sub> and A<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub> mating-type strains and the reference genome of y59 only occurred on genes <i>HD2</i> and <i>PR1</i>/<i>2</i>, preliminarily confirming that the mating type of the y59 strain was A<sub>1</sub>B<sub>2</sub> and not A<sub>1</sub>B<sub>1</sub>. Based on the genetic evidence and the more reliable molecular evidence, the results reveal that the mating system of <i>G. frondosa</i> is tetrapolar. This study has important implications for the genetics and hybrid breeding of <i>G. frondosa</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:08:17Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-d3853f1c08c94318892f2e9a3a2805742023-11-19T17:00:15ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2023-09-0191095910.3390/jof9100959Genetic and Molecular Evidence of a Tetrapolar Mating System in the Edible Mushroom <i>Grifola frondosa</i>Shuang-Shuang Zhang0Xiao Li1Guo-Jie Li2Qi Huang3Jing-Hua Tian4Jun-Ling Wang5Ming Li6Shou-Mian Li7College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, ChinaCollege of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China<i>Grifola frondosa</i> is a valuable edible fungus with high nutritional and medicinal values. The mating systems of fungi not only offer practical strategies for breeding, but also have far-reaching effects on genetic variability. <i>Grifola frondosa</i> has been considered as a sexual species with a tetrapolar mating system based on little experimental data. In the present study, one group of test crosses and six groups of three-round mating experiments from two parental strains were conducted to determine the mating system in <i>G. frondosa</i>. A chi-squared test of the results of the test-cross mating experiments indicated that they satisfied Mendelian segregation, while a series of three-round mating experiments showed that Mendelian segregation was not satisfied, implying a segregation distortion phenomenon in <i>G. frondosa</i>. A genomic map of the <i>G. frondosa</i> strain, y59, grown from an LMCZ basidiospore, with 40.54 Mb and 12 chromosomes, was generated using genome, transcriptome and Hi-C sequencing technology. Based on the genomic annotation of <i>G. frondosa</i>, the mating-type loci A and B were located on chromosomes 1 and 11, respectively. The mating-type locus A coded for the β-fg protein, HD1, HD2 and MIP, in that order. The mating-type locus B consisted of six pheromone receptors (PRs) and five pheromone precursors (PPs) in a crossed order. Moreover, both HD and PR loci may have only one sublocus that determines the mating type in <i>G. frondosa</i>. The nonsynonymous SNP and indel mutations between the A<sub>1</sub>B<sub>1</sub> and A<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub> mating-type strains and the reference genome of y59 only occurred on genes <i>HD2</i> and <i>PR1</i>/<i>2</i>, preliminarily confirming that the mating type of the y59 strain was A<sub>1</sub>B<sub>2</sub> and not A<sub>1</sub>B<sub>1</sub>. Based on the genetic evidence and the more reliable molecular evidence, the results reveal that the mating system of <i>G. frondosa</i> is tetrapolar. This study has important implications for the genetics and hybrid breeding of <i>G. frondosa</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/10/959<i>Grifola frondosa</i>tetrapolarmating-type locusfine genomic mapSNPindel |
| spellingShingle | Shuang-Shuang Zhang Xiao Li Guo-Jie Li Qi Huang Jing-Hua Tian Jun-Ling Wang Ming Li Shou-Mian Li Genetic and Molecular Evidence of a Tetrapolar Mating System in the Edible Mushroom <i>Grifola frondosa</i> Journal of Fungi <i>Grifola frondosa</i> tetrapolar mating-type locus fine genomic map SNP indel |
| title | Genetic and Molecular Evidence of a Tetrapolar Mating System in the Edible Mushroom <i>Grifola frondosa</i> |
| title_full | Genetic and Molecular Evidence of a Tetrapolar Mating System in the Edible Mushroom <i>Grifola frondosa</i> |
| title_fullStr | Genetic and Molecular Evidence of a Tetrapolar Mating System in the Edible Mushroom <i>Grifola frondosa</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genetic and Molecular Evidence of a Tetrapolar Mating System in the Edible Mushroom <i>Grifola frondosa</i> |
| title_short | Genetic and Molecular Evidence of a Tetrapolar Mating System in the Edible Mushroom <i>Grifola frondosa</i> |
| title_sort | genetic and molecular evidence of a tetrapolar mating system in the edible mushroom i grifola frondosa i |
| topic | <i>Grifola frondosa</i> tetrapolar mating-type locus fine genomic map SNP indel |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/10/959 |
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