Incidence of Human and Free-Ranging Wild Rodent Infections with <i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Viannia</i>) <i>braziliensis</i>, Aetiological Agent of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Background. Human and wild rodent infection rates with <i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Viannia</i>) <i>braziliensis</i> are needed to differentiate transmission pathways in anthropogenically altered habitats. Methods. Human participants in northeast Brazil were tested by th...
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/12/1395 |
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| author | Orin Courtenay José F. Marinho-Júnior Maria Edileuza F. Brito Juliana F. C. L. S. Monteiro Jeffrey J. Shaw Sinval P. Brandão-Filho |
| author_facet | Orin Courtenay José F. Marinho-Júnior Maria Edileuza F. Brito Juliana F. C. L. S. Monteiro Jeffrey J. Shaw Sinval P. Brandão-Filho |
| author_sort | Orin Courtenay |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background. Human and wild rodent infection rates with <i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Viannia</i>) <i>braziliensis</i> are needed to differentiate transmission pathways in anthropogenically altered habitats. Methods. Human participants in northeast Brazil were tested by the leishmanin skin test (LST) and inspected for lesions/scars characteristic of American clinical leishmaniasis (ACL). Molecular (PCR/qPCR) test records of free-ranging rodents were available from a concurrent capture–mark–recapture study. Force of Infection (λ) and recovery (ρ) rates were estimated from cross-sectional and longitudinal datasets. Results. Cumulative prevalences of human LST+ves and ACL scar+ves were 0.343–0.563 (<i>n</i> = 503 participants) and 0.122–0.475 (<i>n</i> = 503), respectively. Active ACL lesions were not detected. Annual rates of LST conversions were λ = 0.03–0.15 and ρ = 0.02–0.07. The probability of infection was independent of sex and associated with increasing age in addition to the period of exposure. Rodents (<i>n</i> = 596 individuals of 6 species) showed high rates of exclusively asymptomatic infection (λ = 0.222/month) and potential infectiousness to the sand fly vector. Spatially concurrent rodent and household human infection prevalences were correlated. Conclusions. Human exposure to <i>L.</i> (<i>V.</i>) <i>braziliensis</i> continues to be high despite the substantial drop in reported ACL cases in recent years. Spill-over transmission risk to humans from rodents in peridomestic habitats is likely supported by a rodent infection/transmission corridor linking houses, plantations, and the Atlantic Forest. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:28:24Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-d386cd335ad844728f569086643a67a62023-12-22T14:30:48ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172023-11-011212139510.3390/pathogens12121395Incidence of Human and Free-Ranging Wild Rodent Infections with <i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Viannia</i>) <i>braziliensis</i>, Aetiological Agent of Cutaneous LeishmaniasisOrin Courtenay0José F. Marinho-Júnior1Maria Edileuza F. Brito2Juliana F. C. L. S. Monteiro3Jeffrey J. Shaw4Sinval P. Brandão-Filho5Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV8 2PB, UKDepartament of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, BrazilDepartament of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, BrazilDepartament of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, BrazilDepartment of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 03001-000, SP, BrazilDepartament of Immunology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Cidade Universitária, Recife 50740-465, PE, BrazilBackground. Human and wild rodent infection rates with <i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Viannia</i>) <i>braziliensis</i> are needed to differentiate transmission pathways in anthropogenically altered habitats. Methods. Human participants in northeast Brazil were tested by the leishmanin skin test (LST) and inspected for lesions/scars characteristic of American clinical leishmaniasis (ACL). Molecular (PCR/qPCR) test records of free-ranging rodents were available from a concurrent capture–mark–recapture study. Force of Infection (λ) and recovery (ρ) rates were estimated from cross-sectional and longitudinal datasets. Results. Cumulative prevalences of human LST+ves and ACL scar+ves were 0.343–0.563 (<i>n</i> = 503 participants) and 0.122–0.475 (<i>n</i> = 503), respectively. Active ACL lesions were not detected. Annual rates of LST conversions were λ = 0.03–0.15 and ρ = 0.02–0.07. The probability of infection was independent of sex and associated with increasing age in addition to the period of exposure. Rodents (<i>n</i> = 596 individuals of 6 species) showed high rates of exclusively asymptomatic infection (λ = 0.222/month) and potential infectiousness to the sand fly vector. Spatially concurrent rodent and household human infection prevalences were correlated. Conclusions. Human exposure to <i>L.</i> (<i>V.</i>) <i>braziliensis</i> continues to be high despite the substantial drop in reported ACL cases in recent years. Spill-over transmission risk to humans from rodents in peridomestic habitats is likely supported by a rodent infection/transmission corridor linking houses, plantations, and the Atlantic Forest.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/12/1395leishmaniasis<i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Viannia</i>) <i>braziliensis</i>rodentsskin testreservoirstransmission |
| spellingShingle | Orin Courtenay José F. Marinho-Júnior Maria Edileuza F. Brito Juliana F. C. L. S. Monteiro Jeffrey J. Shaw Sinval P. Brandão-Filho Incidence of Human and Free-Ranging Wild Rodent Infections with <i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Viannia</i>) <i>braziliensis</i>, Aetiological Agent of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Pathogens leishmaniasis <i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Viannia</i>) <i>braziliensis</i> rodents skin test reservoirs transmission |
| title | Incidence of Human and Free-Ranging Wild Rodent Infections with <i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Viannia</i>) <i>braziliensis</i>, Aetiological Agent of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis |
| title_full | Incidence of Human and Free-Ranging Wild Rodent Infections with <i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Viannia</i>) <i>braziliensis</i>, Aetiological Agent of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis |
| title_fullStr | Incidence of Human and Free-Ranging Wild Rodent Infections with <i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Viannia</i>) <i>braziliensis</i>, Aetiological Agent of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Incidence of Human and Free-Ranging Wild Rodent Infections with <i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Viannia</i>) <i>braziliensis</i>, Aetiological Agent of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis |
| title_short | Incidence of Human and Free-Ranging Wild Rodent Infections with <i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Viannia</i>) <i>braziliensis</i>, Aetiological Agent of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis |
| title_sort | incidence of human and free ranging wild rodent infections with i leishmania i i viannia i i braziliensis i aetiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis |
| topic | leishmaniasis <i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Viannia</i>) <i>braziliensis</i> rodents skin test reservoirs transmission |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/12/1395 |
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