Cholesterol-raising diterpenes in types of coffee commonly consumed in Singapore, Indonesia and India and associations with blood lipids: A survey and cross sectional study
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To measure the content of cholesterol-raising diterpenes in coffee sold at the retailer level in Singapore, Indonesia and India and to determine the relationship of coffee consumption with lipid levels in a population-based study in...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2011-05-01
|
| Series: | Nutrition Journal |
| Online Access: | http://www.nutritionj.com/content/10/1/48 |
| _version_ | 1818579388567912448 |
|---|---|
| author | Buchmann Sandra Lee Jeanette Tai E Shyong Speer Karl Rebello Salome A Chen Cynthia Naidoo Nasheen Koelling-Speer Isabelle van Dam Rob M |
| author_facet | Buchmann Sandra Lee Jeanette Tai E Shyong Speer Karl Rebello Salome A Chen Cynthia Naidoo Nasheen Koelling-Speer Isabelle van Dam Rob M |
| author_sort | Buchmann Sandra |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To measure the content of cholesterol-raising diterpenes in coffee sold at the retailer level in Singapore, Indonesia and India and to determine the relationship of coffee consumption with lipid levels in a population-based study in Singapore.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Survey and cross-sectional study in local coffee shops in Singapore, Indonesia and India to measure the diterpene content in coffee, and a population-based study in Singapore to examine the relationship of coffee consumption and blood lipid levels. Interviews and coffee samples (n = 27) were collected from coffee shops in Singapore, Indonesia and India. In addition, 3000 men and women who were Chinese, Malay, and Indian residents of Singapore participated in a cross-sectional study.</p> <p>Results and Discussion</p> <p>The traditional 'sock' method of coffee preparation used in Singapore resulted in cafestol concentrations comparable to European paper drip filtered coffee (mean 0.09 ± SD 0.064 mg/cup). This amount would result in negligible predicted increases in serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Similarly low amounts of cafestol were found in Indian 'filter' coffee that used a metal mesh filter (0.05 ± 0.05 mg/cup). Coffee samples from Indonesia using the 'sock' method (0.85 ± 0.41 mg/cup) or a metal mesh filter (0.98 mg/cup) contained higher amounts of cafestol comparable to espresso coffee. Unfiltered coffee from Indonesia contained an amount of cafestol (4.43 mg/cup) similar to Scandinavian boiled, Turkish and French press coffee with substantial predicted increases in serum cholesterol (0.33 mmol/l) and triglycerides (0.20 mmol/l) concentrations for consumption of 5 cups per day. In the Singaporean population, higher coffee consumption was not substantially associated with serum lipid concentrations after adjustment for potential confounders [LDL-cholesterol: 3.07 (95% confidence interval 2.97-3.18) for <1 cup/week versus 3.12 (2.99-3.26) for ≥ 3 cups/day; p trend 0.12].</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Based on the low levels of diterpenes found in traditionally prepared coffee consumed in Singapore and India, coffee consumption in these countries does not appear to be a risk factor for elevation of serum cholesterol, whereas samples tested from Indonesia showed mixed results depending on the type of preparation method used.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-16T07:00:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d3caf276f8f6403eadb30ff3870b33cf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1475-2891 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-16T07:00:55Z |
| publishDate | 2011-05-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrition Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-d3caf276f8f6403eadb30ff3870b33cf2022-12-21T22:40:10ZengBMCNutrition Journal1475-28912011-05-011014810.1186/1475-2891-10-48Cholesterol-raising diterpenes in types of coffee commonly consumed in Singapore, Indonesia and India and associations with blood lipids: A survey and cross sectional studyBuchmann SandraLee JeanetteTai E ShyongSpeer KarlRebello Salome AChen CynthiaNaidoo NasheenKoelling-Speer Isabellevan Dam Rob M<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To measure the content of cholesterol-raising diterpenes in coffee sold at the retailer level in Singapore, Indonesia and India and to determine the relationship of coffee consumption with lipid levels in a population-based study in Singapore.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Survey and cross-sectional study in local coffee shops in Singapore, Indonesia and India to measure the diterpene content in coffee, and a population-based study in Singapore to examine the relationship of coffee consumption and blood lipid levels. Interviews and coffee samples (n = 27) were collected from coffee shops in Singapore, Indonesia and India. In addition, 3000 men and women who were Chinese, Malay, and Indian residents of Singapore participated in a cross-sectional study.</p> <p>Results and Discussion</p> <p>The traditional 'sock' method of coffee preparation used in Singapore resulted in cafestol concentrations comparable to European paper drip filtered coffee (mean 0.09 ± SD 0.064 mg/cup). This amount would result in negligible predicted increases in serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Similarly low amounts of cafestol were found in Indian 'filter' coffee that used a metal mesh filter (0.05 ± 0.05 mg/cup). Coffee samples from Indonesia using the 'sock' method (0.85 ± 0.41 mg/cup) or a metal mesh filter (0.98 mg/cup) contained higher amounts of cafestol comparable to espresso coffee. Unfiltered coffee from Indonesia contained an amount of cafestol (4.43 mg/cup) similar to Scandinavian boiled, Turkish and French press coffee with substantial predicted increases in serum cholesterol (0.33 mmol/l) and triglycerides (0.20 mmol/l) concentrations for consumption of 5 cups per day. In the Singaporean population, higher coffee consumption was not substantially associated with serum lipid concentrations after adjustment for potential confounders [LDL-cholesterol: 3.07 (95% confidence interval 2.97-3.18) for <1 cup/week versus 3.12 (2.99-3.26) for ≥ 3 cups/day; p trend 0.12].</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Based on the low levels of diterpenes found in traditionally prepared coffee consumed in Singapore and India, coffee consumption in these countries does not appear to be a risk factor for elevation of serum cholesterol, whereas samples tested from Indonesia showed mixed results depending on the type of preparation method used.</p>http://www.nutritionj.com/content/10/1/48 |
| spellingShingle | Buchmann Sandra Lee Jeanette Tai E Shyong Speer Karl Rebello Salome A Chen Cynthia Naidoo Nasheen Koelling-Speer Isabelle van Dam Rob M Cholesterol-raising diterpenes in types of coffee commonly consumed in Singapore, Indonesia and India and associations with blood lipids: A survey and cross sectional study Nutrition Journal |
| title | Cholesterol-raising diterpenes in types of coffee commonly consumed in Singapore, Indonesia and India and associations with blood lipids: A survey and cross sectional study |
| title_full | Cholesterol-raising diterpenes in types of coffee commonly consumed in Singapore, Indonesia and India and associations with blood lipids: A survey and cross sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Cholesterol-raising diterpenes in types of coffee commonly consumed in Singapore, Indonesia and India and associations with blood lipids: A survey and cross sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cholesterol-raising diterpenes in types of coffee commonly consumed in Singapore, Indonesia and India and associations with blood lipids: A survey and cross sectional study |
| title_short | Cholesterol-raising diterpenes in types of coffee commonly consumed in Singapore, Indonesia and India and associations with blood lipids: A survey and cross sectional study |
| title_sort | cholesterol raising diterpenes in types of coffee commonly consumed in singapore indonesia and india and associations with blood lipids a survey and cross sectional study |
| url | http://www.nutritionj.com/content/10/1/48 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT buchmannsandra cholesterolraisingditerpenesintypesofcoffeecommonlyconsumedinsingaporeindonesiaandindiaandassociationswithbloodlipidsasurveyandcrosssectionalstudy AT leejeanette cholesterolraisingditerpenesintypesofcoffeecommonlyconsumedinsingaporeindonesiaandindiaandassociationswithbloodlipidsasurveyandcrosssectionalstudy AT taieshyong cholesterolraisingditerpenesintypesofcoffeecommonlyconsumedinsingaporeindonesiaandindiaandassociationswithbloodlipidsasurveyandcrosssectionalstudy AT speerkarl cholesterolraisingditerpenesintypesofcoffeecommonlyconsumedinsingaporeindonesiaandindiaandassociationswithbloodlipidsasurveyandcrosssectionalstudy AT rebellosalomea cholesterolraisingditerpenesintypesofcoffeecommonlyconsumedinsingaporeindonesiaandindiaandassociationswithbloodlipidsasurveyandcrosssectionalstudy AT chencynthia cholesterolraisingditerpenesintypesofcoffeecommonlyconsumedinsingaporeindonesiaandindiaandassociationswithbloodlipidsasurveyandcrosssectionalstudy AT naidoonasheen cholesterolraisingditerpenesintypesofcoffeecommonlyconsumedinsingaporeindonesiaandindiaandassociationswithbloodlipidsasurveyandcrosssectionalstudy AT koellingspeerisabelle cholesterolraisingditerpenesintypesofcoffeecommonlyconsumedinsingaporeindonesiaandindiaandassociationswithbloodlipidsasurveyandcrosssectionalstudy AT vandamrobm cholesterolraisingditerpenesintypesofcoffeecommonlyconsumedinsingaporeindonesiaandindiaandassociationswithbloodlipidsasurveyandcrosssectionalstudy |