<i>Clerodendrum chinense</i> Stem Extract and Nanoparticles: Effects on Proliferation, Colony Formation, Apoptosis Induction, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Breast Cancer Cells
Breast cancer stands out as the most widespread form of cancer globally. In this study, the anticancer activities of <i>Clerodendrum chinense</i> (<i>C. chinense</i>) stem ethanolic extract were investigated. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified v...
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/978 |
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| author | Chuda Chittasupho Weerasak Samee Mingkwan Na Takuathung Siriporn Okonogi Sathaporn Nimkulrat Sirivan Athikomkulchai |
| author_facet | Chuda Chittasupho Weerasak Samee Mingkwan Na Takuathung Siriporn Okonogi Sathaporn Nimkulrat Sirivan Athikomkulchai |
| author_sort | Chuda Chittasupho |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Breast cancer stands out as the most widespread form of cancer globally. In this study, the anticancer activities of <i>Clerodendrum chinense</i> (<i>C. chinense</i>) stem ethanolic extract were investigated. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified verbascoside and isoverbascoside as the major bioactive compounds in the <i>C. chinense</i> stem extract. Successfully developed nanoparticles exhibited favorable hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index, and surface charge, thus ensuring stability after four months of storage. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid contents in the nanoparticles were reported as 88.62% and 95.26%, respectively. The <i>C. chinense</i> stem extract demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on MCF-7, HeLa, A549, and SKOV-3 cancer cell lines, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 109.2, 155.6, 206.9, and 423 µg/mL, respectively. <i>C. chinense</i> extract and NPs exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity and the highest selectivity index values against MCF-7 cells. A dose-dependent reduction in the colony formation of MCF-7 cells was observed following treatment with the extract and nanoparticles. The extract induced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells through apoptosis and necrosis. <i>C. chinense</i> stem extract and nanoparticles decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induced G0/G1 phase arrest in MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, use of <i>C. chinense</i> stem extract and nanoparticles may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for breast cancer, thus warranting further exploration. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:54:13Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:54:13Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-d3ce9bf1f9db4834b2361ce73a717dcd2024-01-29T13:55:58ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672024-01-0125297810.3390/ijms25020978<i>Clerodendrum chinense</i> Stem Extract and Nanoparticles: Effects on Proliferation, Colony Formation, Apoptosis Induction, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Breast Cancer CellsChuda Chittasupho0Weerasak Samee1Mingkwan Na Takuathung2Siriporn Okonogi3Sathaporn Nimkulrat4Sirivan Athikomkulchai5Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhonnayok 26120, ThailandDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandFaculty of Pharmacy, Siam University, Bangkok 10160, ThailandDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakhonnayok 26120, ThailandBreast cancer stands out as the most widespread form of cancer globally. In this study, the anticancer activities of <i>Clerodendrum chinense</i> (<i>C. chinense</i>) stem ethanolic extract were investigated. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified verbascoside and isoverbascoside as the major bioactive compounds in the <i>C. chinense</i> stem extract. Successfully developed nanoparticles exhibited favorable hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index, and surface charge, thus ensuring stability after four months of storage. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid contents in the nanoparticles were reported as 88.62% and 95.26%, respectively. The <i>C. chinense</i> stem extract demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on MCF-7, HeLa, A549, and SKOV-3 cancer cell lines, with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 109.2, 155.6, 206.9, and 423 µg/mL, respectively. <i>C. chinense</i> extract and NPs exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity and the highest selectivity index values against MCF-7 cells. A dose-dependent reduction in the colony formation of MCF-7 cells was observed following treatment with the extract and nanoparticles. The extract induced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells through apoptosis and necrosis. <i>C. chinense</i> stem extract and nanoparticles decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induced G0/G1 phase arrest in MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, use of <i>C. chinense</i> stem extract and nanoparticles may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for breast cancer, thus warranting further exploration.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/978anticancerbreast cancerpolyphenolplant extractnanoparticles |
| spellingShingle | Chuda Chittasupho Weerasak Samee Mingkwan Na Takuathung Siriporn Okonogi Sathaporn Nimkulrat Sirivan Athikomkulchai <i>Clerodendrum chinense</i> Stem Extract and Nanoparticles: Effects on Proliferation, Colony Formation, Apoptosis Induction, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Breast Cancer Cells International Journal of Molecular Sciences anticancer breast cancer polyphenol plant extract nanoparticles |
| title | <i>Clerodendrum chinense</i> Stem Extract and Nanoparticles: Effects on Proliferation, Colony Formation, Apoptosis Induction, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Breast Cancer Cells |
| title_full | <i>Clerodendrum chinense</i> Stem Extract and Nanoparticles: Effects on Proliferation, Colony Formation, Apoptosis Induction, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Breast Cancer Cells |
| title_fullStr | <i>Clerodendrum chinense</i> Stem Extract and Nanoparticles: Effects on Proliferation, Colony Formation, Apoptosis Induction, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Breast Cancer Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Clerodendrum chinense</i> Stem Extract and Nanoparticles: Effects on Proliferation, Colony Formation, Apoptosis Induction, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Breast Cancer Cells |
| title_short | <i>Clerodendrum chinense</i> Stem Extract and Nanoparticles: Effects on Proliferation, Colony Formation, Apoptosis Induction, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Breast Cancer Cells |
| title_sort | i clerodendrum chinense i stem extract and nanoparticles effects on proliferation colony formation apoptosis induction cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial membrane potential in human breast adenocarcinoma breast cancer cells |
| topic | anticancer breast cancer polyphenol plant extract nanoparticles |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/2/978 |
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