Estimating Milkweed Abundance in Metropolitan Areas Under Existing and User-Defined Scenarios
Metropolitan areas play an undetermined role in supporting migratory monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) populations despite providing habitat areas rich with milkweed (Asclepias spp.), the obligate host plants for monarch larvae. Researchers from the US Geological Survey and collaborating institut...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2019.00210/full |
| _version_ | 1811270449319903232 |
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| author | Mark K. Johnston Erika M. Hasle Karen R. Klinger Marc P. Lambruschi Abigail Derby Lewis Douglas F. Stotz Alexis M. Winter Mark J. Bouman Izabella Redlinski |
| author_facet | Mark K. Johnston Erika M. Hasle Karen R. Klinger Marc P. Lambruschi Abigail Derby Lewis Douglas F. Stotz Alexis M. Winter Mark J. Bouman Izabella Redlinski |
| author_sort | Mark K. Johnston |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Metropolitan areas play an undetermined role in supporting migratory monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) populations despite providing habitat areas rich with milkweed (Asclepias spp.), the obligate host plants for monarch larvae. Researchers from the US Geological Survey and collaborating institutions have called for an “all hands on deck” approach to establishing monarch butterfly habitat by focusing on potential contributions from all land use sectors at levels necessary to sustain the eastern migratory monarch butterfly population. To understand the current and potential contribution of milkweed stems in metropolitan areas, our research teams surveyed milkweed densities using a new “metro-transect” protocol and conducted interviews and surveys across a diverse set of stakeholder groups in four major metropolitan areas (Chicago, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Kansas City, and Austin). We developed Geographic Information System (GIS) tools that use these data to model existing milkweed stems in metropolitan areas, and to estimate the potential to add additional milkweed stems with the adoption of milkweed-friendly planting practices across different land use classes (e.g., residential, institutional, and commercial). By extrapolating metropolitan Chicago milkweed densities across US Census urbanized areas in the northern US range of the eastern monarch butterflies, we estimate that approximately 29.8 million stems of milkweed can be added under modest “enhanced” milkweed densities, and up to 271 million stems may be added under “exemplary” milkweed densities. Both estimates are derived from a two percent “adoption rate,” or landowner conversion of green spaces. These findings show that metropolitan areas provide important habitat opportunities and should be included prominently in monarch conservation strategies when working toward national goals to increase the amount of milkweed stems and monarch habitat across the Midwest. Municipal decision-makers and planners can estimate their capacity to add stems across the metropolitan landscape by identifying where the biggest opportunities exist with help from our Urban Monarch Conservation Planning Tools. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T22:01:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d3e8364a443c4efc9349f0ecb56a4cf2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-701X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T22:01:04Z |
| publishDate | 2019-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |
| spelling | doaj.art-d3e8364a443c4efc9349f0ecb56a4cf22022-12-22T03:15:07ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution2296-701X2019-06-01710.3389/fevo.2019.00210452129Estimating Milkweed Abundance in Metropolitan Areas Under Existing and User-Defined ScenariosMark K. JohnstonErika M. HasleKaren R. KlingerMarc P. LambruschiAbigail Derby LewisDouglas F. StotzAlexis M. WinterMark J. BoumanIzabella RedlinskiMetropolitan areas play an undetermined role in supporting migratory monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) populations despite providing habitat areas rich with milkweed (Asclepias spp.), the obligate host plants for monarch larvae. Researchers from the US Geological Survey and collaborating institutions have called for an “all hands on deck” approach to establishing monarch butterfly habitat by focusing on potential contributions from all land use sectors at levels necessary to sustain the eastern migratory monarch butterfly population. To understand the current and potential contribution of milkweed stems in metropolitan areas, our research teams surveyed milkweed densities using a new “metro-transect” protocol and conducted interviews and surveys across a diverse set of stakeholder groups in four major metropolitan areas (Chicago, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Kansas City, and Austin). We developed Geographic Information System (GIS) tools that use these data to model existing milkweed stems in metropolitan areas, and to estimate the potential to add additional milkweed stems with the adoption of milkweed-friendly planting practices across different land use classes (e.g., residential, institutional, and commercial). By extrapolating metropolitan Chicago milkweed densities across US Census urbanized areas in the northern US range of the eastern monarch butterflies, we estimate that approximately 29.8 million stems of milkweed can be added under modest “enhanced” milkweed densities, and up to 271 million stems may be added under “exemplary” milkweed densities. Both estimates are derived from a two percent “adoption rate,” or landowner conversion of green spaces. These findings show that metropolitan areas provide important habitat opportunities and should be included prominently in monarch conservation strategies when working toward national goals to increase the amount of milkweed stems and monarch habitat across the Midwest. Municipal decision-makers and planners can estimate their capacity to add stems across the metropolitan landscape by identifying where the biggest opportunities exist with help from our Urban Monarch Conservation Planning Tools.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2019.00210/fullmilkweedmonarch butterflyurbanmetropolitanhabitat samplingGIS tools |
| spellingShingle | Mark K. Johnston Erika M. Hasle Karen R. Klinger Marc P. Lambruschi Abigail Derby Lewis Douglas F. Stotz Alexis M. Winter Mark J. Bouman Izabella Redlinski Estimating Milkweed Abundance in Metropolitan Areas Under Existing and User-Defined Scenarios Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution milkweed monarch butterfly urban metropolitan habitat sampling GIS tools |
| title | Estimating Milkweed Abundance in Metropolitan Areas Under Existing and User-Defined Scenarios |
| title_full | Estimating Milkweed Abundance in Metropolitan Areas Under Existing and User-Defined Scenarios |
| title_fullStr | Estimating Milkweed Abundance in Metropolitan Areas Under Existing and User-Defined Scenarios |
| title_full_unstemmed | Estimating Milkweed Abundance in Metropolitan Areas Under Existing and User-Defined Scenarios |
| title_short | Estimating Milkweed Abundance in Metropolitan Areas Under Existing and User-Defined Scenarios |
| title_sort | estimating milkweed abundance in metropolitan areas under existing and user defined scenarios |
| topic | milkweed monarch butterfly urban metropolitan habitat sampling GIS tools |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2019.00210/full |
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