Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling, Characterization, and Functional Identification of <i>NAC</i> Transcription Factors in Sorghum under Salt Stress
Salinity stress has become a significant concern to global food security. Revealing the mechanisms that enable plants to survive under salinity has immense significance. Sorghum has increasingly attracted researchers interested in understanding the survival and adaptation strategies to high salinity...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/10/1605 |
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| author | Himani Punia Jayanti Tokas Anurag Malik Sonali Sangwan Anju Rani Shikha Yashveer Saleh Alansi Maha J. Hashim Mohamed A. El-Sheikh |
| author_facet | Himani Punia Jayanti Tokas Anurag Malik Sonali Sangwan Anju Rani Shikha Yashveer Saleh Alansi Maha J. Hashim Mohamed A. El-Sheikh |
| author_sort | Himani Punia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Salinity stress has become a significant concern to global food security. Revealing the mechanisms that enable plants to survive under salinity has immense significance. Sorghum has increasingly attracted researchers interested in understanding the survival and adaptation strategies to high salinity. However, systematic analysis of the DEGs (differentially expressed genes) and their relative expression has not been reported in sorghum under salt stress. The de novo transcriptomic analysis of sorghum under different salinity levels from 60 to 120 mM NaCl was generated using Illumina HiSeq. Approximately 323.49 million high-quality reads, with an average contig length of 1145 bp, were assembled de novo. On average, 62% of unigenes were functionally annotated to known proteins. These DEGs were mainly involved in several important metabolic processes, such as carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, cell wall biogenesis, photosynthesis, and hormone signaling. SSG 59-3 alleviated the adverse effects of salinity by suppressing oxidative stress (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and stimulating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities (SOD, APX, CAT, APX, POX, GR, GSH, ASC, proline, and GB), as well as protecting cell membrane integrity (MDA and electrolyte leakage). Significant up-regulation of transcripts encoding the <i>NAC</i>, <i>MYB</i>, and <i>WRYK</i> families, <i>NHX</i> transporters, the aquaporin protein family, photosynthetic genes, antioxidants, and compatible osmolyte proteins were observed. The tolerant line (SSG 59-3) engaged highly efficient machinery in response to elevated salinity, especially during the transport and influx of K<sup>+</sup> ions, signal transduction, and osmotic homeostasis. Our data provide insights into the evolution of the <i>NAC</i> TFs gene family and further support the hypothesis that these genes are essential for plant responses to salinity. The findings may provide a molecular foundation for further exploring the potential functions of <i>NAC</i> TFs in developing salt-resistant sorghum lines. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:45:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d42acc61ccdb429f857048a2f145ee5b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:45:44Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-d42acc61ccdb429f857048a2f145ee5b2023-11-22T17:16:37ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212021-10-011010160510.3390/antiox10101605Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling, Characterization, and Functional Identification of <i>NAC</i> Transcription Factors in Sorghum under Salt StressHimani Punia0Jayanti Tokas1Anurag Malik2Sonali Sangwan3Anju Rani4Shikha Yashveer5Saleh Alansi6Maha J. Hashim7Mohamed A. El-Sheikh8Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, Haryana, IndiaDepartment of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, Haryana, IndiaDepartment of Seed Science & Technology, College of Agriculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, Haryana, IndiaDepartment of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, Haryana, IndiaDepartment of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, Haryana, IndiaDepartment of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125 004, Haryana, IndiaDepartment of Biology, IBB University, Ibb, YemenSchool of Life Sciences, Medical School (E Floor), Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UKBotany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaSalinity stress has become a significant concern to global food security. Revealing the mechanisms that enable plants to survive under salinity has immense significance. Sorghum has increasingly attracted researchers interested in understanding the survival and adaptation strategies to high salinity. However, systematic analysis of the DEGs (differentially expressed genes) and their relative expression has not been reported in sorghum under salt stress. The de novo transcriptomic analysis of sorghum under different salinity levels from 60 to 120 mM NaCl was generated using Illumina HiSeq. Approximately 323.49 million high-quality reads, with an average contig length of 1145 bp, were assembled de novo. On average, 62% of unigenes were functionally annotated to known proteins. These DEGs were mainly involved in several important metabolic processes, such as carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, cell wall biogenesis, photosynthesis, and hormone signaling. SSG 59-3 alleviated the adverse effects of salinity by suppressing oxidative stress (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and stimulating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities (SOD, APX, CAT, APX, POX, GR, GSH, ASC, proline, and GB), as well as protecting cell membrane integrity (MDA and electrolyte leakage). Significant up-regulation of transcripts encoding the <i>NAC</i>, <i>MYB</i>, and <i>WRYK</i> families, <i>NHX</i> transporters, the aquaporin protein family, photosynthetic genes, antioxidants, and compatible osmolyte proteins were observed. The tolerant line (SSG 59-3) engaged highly efficient machinery in response to elevated salinity, especially during the transport and influx of K<sup>+</sup> ions, signal transduction, and osmotic homeostasis. Our data provide insights into the evolution of the <i>NAC</i> TFs gene family and further support the hypothesis that these genes are essential for plant responses to salinity. The findings may provide a molecular foundation for further exploring the potential functions of <i>NAC</i> TFs in developing salt-resistant sorghum lines.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/10/1605differential gene expressiongenome-wide associationgene ontologytranscription factorssorghumsalinity |
| spellingShingle | Himani Punia Jayanti Tokas Anurag Malik Sonali Sangwan Anju Rani Shikha Yashveer Saleh Alansi Maha J. Hashim Mohamed A. El-Sheikh Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling, Characterization, and Functional Identification of <i>NAC</i> Transcription Factors in Sorghum under Salt Stress Antioxidants differential gene expression genome-wide association gene ontology transcription factors sorghum salinity |
| title | Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling, Characterization, and Functional Identification of <i>NAC</i> Transcription Factors in Sorghum under Salt Stress |
| title_full | Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling, Characterization, and Functional Identification of <i>NAC</i> Transcription Factors in Sorghum under Salt Stress |
| title_fullStr | Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling, Characterization, and Functional Identification of <i>NAC</i> Transcription Factors in Sorghum under Salt Stress |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling, Characterization, and Functional Identification of <i>NAC</i> Transcription Factors in Sorghum under Salt Stress |
| title_short | Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling, Characterization, and Functional Identification of <i>NAC</i> Transcription Factors in Sorghum under Salt Stress |
| title_sort | genome wide transcriptome profiling characterization and functional identification of i nac i transcription factors in sorghum under salt stress |
| topic | differential gene expression genome-wide association gene ontology transcription factors sorghum salinity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/10/1605 |
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