Risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in Cali, Colombia (2013): A case-control study
Introduction: In 2016, the World Health Organization reported that more than 2 billion adults were overweight, of whom 600 million were obese, 347 million had diabetes mellitus type II, and people with hypertension had increased from 600 million in 1980 to 1 billion in 2010. Additionally, 20% of the...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Instituto Nacional de Salud
2019-03-01
|
| Series: | Biomédica: revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/3935 |
| _version_ | 1818010809883688960 |
|---|---|
| author | Sayda Milena Pico Gustavo Bergonzoli Adolfo Contreras |
| author_facet | Sayda Milena Pico Gustavo Bergonzoli Adolfo Contreras |
| author_sort | Sayda Milena Pico |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: In 2016, the World Health Organization reported that more than 2 billion adults were overweight, of whom 600 million were obese, 347 million had diabetes mellitus type II, and people with hypertension had increased from 600 million in 1980 to 1 billion in 2010. Additionally, 20% of the world’s adult population will develop metabolic syndrome during their lifespan with tremendous effects for their wellbeing and the health systems.
Objective: To identify social, biological, and behavioral factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in adults to help in the design of health policies in urban environments.
Materials and methods: We included 300 cases and 675 controls. For cases, the waist circumference (abdominal obesity) in men was ≥94 cm and ≥88 cm in women, and other two factors should be present including hypertension, high glycated hemoglobin, high triglycerides, and low HDL levels. Controls presented only one or none of these risk factors.
Results: The total prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 30.2%, 33.6% in females, and 25.6% in males. Therefore, females had a higher risk of developing a metabolic syndrome (OR=1.70; 95% CI 1.17-2.47). Being a mestizo also increased the risk of having metabolic syndrome (OR=1.55; 95% CI 1.10-2.19). In contrast, frequent fruit consumption and being a housekeeper were protective factors: OR=0.83; 95% CI 0.69-1.00, and OR=0.58; 95% CI 0.36-0.92, respectively. Logistic regression showed that obesity had the strongest association with metabolic syndrome (OR=7.52; 95% CI 4.79-11.80). Increasing age yielded a linear trend with regard to metabolic syndrome: the OR for the 40 to 49-year-old group was 4.24 (95% CI 2.20-8.16), for the 50 to 59-year-old group, 4.63 (95% CI 2.40-8.93), and for those over 80 years of age, 5.32 (95% CI 1.92-14.71).
Conclusion: Obesity was the main risk factor associated with the metabolic syndrome. Our findings can help health policy makers to design interventions for metabolic syndrome control in urban populations in Colombia. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T06:00:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d44e91706cc049288009a8362b893c97 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0120-4157 0120-4157 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T06:00:16Z |
| publishDate | 2019-03-01 |
| publisher | Instituto Nacional de Salud |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomédica: revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud |
| spelling | doaj.art-d44e91706cc049288009a8362b893c972022-12-22T02:08:48ZengInstituto Nacional de SaludBiomédica: revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud0120-41570120-41572019-03-01391465410.7705/biomedica.v39i1.39353935Risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in Cali, Colombia (2013): A case-control studySayda Milena Pico0Gustavo Bergonzoli1Adolfo Contreras2Departamento de Salud Pública y Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Pontifícia Universidad Javeriana, Cali, ColombiaDirección General, Fundacion para la Producción y Gestión del Conocimiento (PROGESCO), Cali, ColombiaGrupo de Medicina Periodontal, Escuela de Odontología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia 4 Centro para el Desarrollo y Evaluación de Políticas y Tecnología en Salud Pública, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali, ColombiaIntroduction: In 2016, the World Health Organization reported that more than 2 billion adults were overweight, of whom 600 million were obese, 347 million had diabetes mellitus type II, and people with hypertension had increased from 600 million in 1980 to 1 billion in 2010. Additionally, 20% of the world’s adult population will develop metabolic syndrome during their lifespan with tremendous effects for their wellbeing and the health systems. Objective: To identify social, biological, and behavioral factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in adults to help in the design of health policies in urban environments. Materials and methods: We included 300 cases and 675 controls. For cases, the waist circumference (abdominal obesity) in men was ≥94 cm and ≥88 cm in women, and other two factors should be present including hypertension, high glycated hemoglobin, high triglycerides, and low HDL levels. Controls presented only one or none of these risk factors. Results: The total prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 30.2%, 33.6% in females, and 25.6% in males. Therefore, females had a higher risk of developing a metabolic syndrome (OR=1.70; 95% CI 1.17-2.47). Being a mestizo also increased the risk of having metabolic syndrome (OR=1.55; 95% CI 1.10-2.19). In contrast, frequent fruit consumption and being a housekeeper were protective factors: OR=0.83; 95% CI 0.69-1.00, and OR=0.58; 95% CI 0.36-0.92, respectively. Logistic regression showed that obesity had the strongest association with metabolic syndrome (OR=7.52; 95% CI 4.79-11.80). Increasing age yielded a linear trend with regard to metabolic syndrome: the OR for the 40 to 49-year-old group was 4.24 (95% CI 2.20-8.16), for the 50 to 59-year-old group, 4.63 (95% CI 2.40-8.93), and for those over 80 years of age, 5.32 (95% CI 1.92-14.71). Conclusion: Obesity was the main risk factor associated with the metabolic syndrome. Our findings can help health policy makers to design interventions for metabolic syndrome control in urban populations in Colombia.https://www.revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/3935Metabolic syndrome; risk factors; case-control studies; logistic models; regression analysis |
| spellingShingle | Sayda Milena Pico Gustavo Bergonzoli Adolfo Contreras Risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in Cali, Colombia (2013): A case-control study Biomédica: revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud Metabolic syndrome; risk factors; case-control studies; logistic models; regression analysis |
| title | Risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in Cali, Colombia (2013): A case-control study |
| title_full | Risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in Cali, Colombia (2013): A case-control study |
| title_fullStr | Risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in Cali, Colombia (2013): A case-control study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in Cali, Colombia (2013): A case-control study |
| title_short | Risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in Cali, Colombia (2013): A case-control study |
| title_sort | risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome in cali colombia 2013 a case control study |
| topic | Metabolic syndrome; risk factors; case-control studies; logistic models; regression analysis |
| url | https://www.revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/3935 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT saydamilenapico riskfactorsassociatedwiththemetabolicsyndromeincalicolombia2013acasecontrolstudy AT gustavobergonzoli riskfactorsassociatedwiththemetabolicsyndromeincalicolombia2013acasecontrolstudy AT adolfocontreras riskfactorsassociatedwiththemetabolicsyndromeincalicolombia2013acasecontrolstudy |