Hydrocarbon and particulate matter evolution in the exhaust manifold of a spark-ignited engine under cold-start operation
Cold-start, as defined by the time between first engine crank and three-way catalyst light-off, is responsible for a large percentage of NOx, unburned hydrocarbon, and particulate matter (PM) emissions in light-duty engines. Minimizing emissions during cold-start is a trade-off between achieving fas...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Applications in Energy and Combustion Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666352X23000894 |