Enhancing the Protein, Mineral Content, and Bioactivity of Wheat Bread through the Utilisation of Microalgal Biomass: A Comparative Study of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i>, and <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i>
At present, the incorporation of microalgae into bread and related cereal products has attracted attention due to their potential for enhancing nutritional profiles and their impact on health. In this study, 4% of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i>, a...
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/6/2483 |
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| author | Nancy Mahmoud Joana Ferreira Anabela Raymundo Maria Cristiana Nunes |
| author_facet | Nancy Mahmoud Joana Ferreira Anabela Raymundo Maria Cristiana Nunes |
| author_sort | Nancy Mahmoud |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | At present, the incorporation of microalgae into bread and related cereal products has attracted attention due to their potential for enhancing nutritional profiles and their impact on health. In this study, 4% of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i>, and <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> were added into wheat flour to produce bread and assesses their impact on the dough rheology behaviour, quality performance, nutritive value, and bioactive profile of bread. The results showed that <i>T. chuii</i> strengthened the dough network, whereas <i>P. tricornutum</i> exerted minimal influence. Notably, the incorporation of <i>C. vulgaris</i> induced a pronounced weakening of the protein network within the dough matrix, leading to disruptions in dough structure and subsequent alterations in starch gelatinisation and retrogradation. These changes lead to a reduction in the bread volume (22.7%) and a corresponding increase in its firmness when <i>C. vulgaris</i> was added. In contrast, <i>T. chuii</i> and <i>P. tricornutum</i> had no significant effect on bread volume. All microalgae species caused the dark green colour of the bread and enhanced the bread nutritional composition, namely in terms of protein content (14.7% increase in <i>C. vulgaris</i> bread) and mineral profile. The breads containing <i>T. chuii</i> exhibited a noticeable increase in both total phenolic content (from 7.22 in the control to 38.52 (µg GAE/g)) and antioxidant capacity (from 117.29 to 591.96 (µg TEAC/g) measured by FRAP). |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:36:04Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:36:04Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-d49df1379c724e748ba4bca66f4d897c2024-03-27T13:19:50ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172024-03-01146248310.3390/app14062483Enhancing the Protein, Mineral Content, and Bioactivity of Wheat Bread through the Utilisation of Microalgal Biomass: A Comparative Study of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i>, and <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i>Nancy Mahmoud0Joana Ferreira1Anabela Raymundo2Maria Cristiana Nunes3LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, PortugalLEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, PortugalLEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, PortugalLEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, PortugalAt present, the incorporation of microalgae into bread and related cereal products has attracted attention due to their potential for enhancing nutritional profiles and their impact on health. In this study, 4% of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i>, and <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> were added into wheat flour to produce bread and assesses their impact on the dough rheology behaviour, quality performance, nutritive value, and bioactive profile of bread. The results showed that <i>T. chuii</i> strengthened the dough network, whereas <i>P. tricornutum</i> exerted minimal influence. Notably, the incorporation of <i>C. vulgaris</i> induced a pronounced weakening of the protein network within the dough matrix, leading to disruptions in dough structure and subsequent alterations in starch gelatinisation and retrogradation. These changes lead to a reduction in the bread volume (22.7%) and a corresponding increase in its firmness when <i>C. vulgaris</i> was added. In contrast, <i>T. chuii</i> and <i>P. tricornutum</i> had no significant effect on bread volume. All microalgae species caused the dark green colour of the bread and enhanced the bread nutritional composition, namely in terms of protein content (14.7% increase in <i>C. vulgaris</i> bread) and mineral profile. The breads containing <i>T. chuii</i> exhibited a noticeable increase in both total phenolic content (from 7.22 in the control to 38.52 (µg GAE/g)) and antioxidant capacity (from 117.29 to 591.96 (µg TEAC/g) measured by FRAP).https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/6/2483microalgaewheat breadMixolabrheologytexturebioactivity |
| spellingShingle | Nancy Mahmoud Joana Ferreira Anabela Raymundo Maria Cristiana Nunes Enhancing the Protein, Mineral Content, and Bioactivity of Wheat Bread through the Utilisation of Microalgal Biomass: A Comparative Study of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i>, and <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> Applied Sciences microalgae wheat bread Mixolab rheology texture bioactivity |
| title | Enhancing the Protein, Mineral Content, and Bioactivity of Wheat Bread through the Utilisation of Microalgal Biomass: A Comparative Study of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i>, and <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> |
| title_full | Enhancing the Protein, Mineral Content, and Bioactivity of Wheat Bread through the Utilisation of Microalgal Biomass: A Comparative Study of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i>, and <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> |
| title_fullStr | Enhancing the Protein, Mineral Content, and Bioactivity of Wheat Bread through the Utilisation of Microalgal Biomass: A Comparative Study of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i>, and <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhancing the Protein, Mineral Content, and Bioactivity of Wheat Bread through the Utilisation of Microalgal Biomass: A Comparative Study of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i>, and <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> |
| title_short | Enhancing the Protein, Mineral Content, and Bioactivity of Wheat Bread through the Utilisation of Microalgal Biomass: A Comparative Study of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i>, and <i>Tetraselmis chuii</i> |
| title_sort | enhancing the protein mineral content and bioactivity of wheat bread through the utilisation of microalgal biomass a comparative study of i chlorella vulgaris i i phaeodactylum tricornutum i and i tetraselmis chuii i |
| topic | microalgae wheat bread Mixolab rheology texture bioactivity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/6/2483 |
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