Unraveling Human Brain Development and Evolution Using Organoid Models
Brain organoids are proving to be physiologically relevant models for studying human brain development in terms of temporal transcriptional signature recapitulation, dynamic cytoarchitectural development, and functional electrophysiological maturation. Several studies have employed brain organoid te...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.737429/full |
| _version_ | 1818721869865418752 |
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| author | Sarah Fernandes Sarah Fernandes Davis Klein Davis Klein Maria C. Marchetto Maria C. Marchetto |
| author_facet | Sarah Fernandes Sarah Fernandes Davis Klein Davis Klein Maria C. Marchetto Maria C. Marchetto |
| author_sort | Sarah Fernandes |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Brain organoids are proving to be physiologically relevant models for studying human brain development in terms of temporal transcriptional signature recapitulation, dynamic cytoarchitectural development, and functional electrophysiological maturation. Several studies have employed brain organoid technologies to elucidate human-specific processes of brain development, gene expression, and cellular maturation by comparing human-derived brain organoids to those of non-human primates (NHPs). Brain organoids have been established from a variety of NHP pluripotent stem cell (PSC) lines and many protocols are now available for generating brain organoids capable of reproducibly representing specific brain region identities. Innumerous combinations of brain region specific organoids derived from different human and NHP PSCs, with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing techniques and strategies to promote advanced stages of maturation, will successfully establish complex brain model systems for the accurate representation and elucidation of human brain development. Identified human-specific processes of brain development are likely vulnerable to dysregulation and could result in the identification of therapeutic targets or disease prevention strategies. Here, we discuss the potential of brain organoids to successfully model human-specific processes of brain development and explore current strategies for pinpointing these differences. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T20:45:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d4c9fb0f9de04035bbf0297373ef83ce |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-634X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T20:45:35Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-d4c9fb0f9de04035bbf0297373ef83ce2022-12-21T21:33:10ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology2296-634X2021-10-01910.3389/fcell.2021.737429737429Unraveling Human Brain Development and Evolution Using Organoid ModelsSarah Fernandes0Sarah Fernandes1Davis Klein2Davis Klein3Maria C. Marchetto4Maria C. Marchetto5Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United StatesLaboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United StatesLaboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United StatesDepartment of Anthropology, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United StatesBrain organoids are proving to be physiologically relevant models for studying human brain development in terms of temporal transcriptional signature recapitulation, dynamic cytoarchitectural development, and functional electrophysiological maturation. Several studies have employed brain organoid technologies to elucidate human-specific processes of brain development, gene expression, and cellular maturation by comparing human-derived brain organoids to those of non-human primates (NHPs). Brain organoids have been established from a variety of NHP pluripotent stem cell (PSC) lines and many protocols are now available for generating brain organoids capable of reproducibly representing specific brain region identities. Innumerous combinations of brain region specific organoids derived from different human and NHP PSCs, with CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing techniques and strategies to promote advanced stages of maturation, will successfully establish complex brain model systems for the accurate representation and elucidation of human brain development. Identified human-specific processes of brain development are likely vulnerable to dysregulation and could result in the identification of therapeutic targets or disease prevention strategies. Here, we discuss the potential of brain organoids to successfully model human-specific processes of brain development and explore current strategies for pinpointing these differences.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.737429/fullneurodevelopmentevolutionbrain disordersdisease modelingnon-human primatesneocortex |
| spellingShingle | Sarah Fernandes Sarah Fernandes Davis Klein Davis Klein Maria C. Marchetto Maria C. Marchetto Unraveling Human Brain Development and Evolution Using Organoid Models Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology neurodevelopment evolution brain disorders disease modeling non-human primates neocortex |
| title | Unraveling Human Brain Development and Evolution Using Organoid Models |
| title_full | Unraveling Human Brain Development and Evolution Using Organoid Models |
| title_fullStr | Unraveling Human Brain Development and Evolution Using Organoid Models |
| title_full_unstemmed | Unraveling Human Brain Development and Evolution Using Organoid Models |
| title_short | Unraveling Human Brain Development and Evolution Using Organoid Models |
| title_sort | unraveling human brain development and evolution using organoid models |
| topic | neurodevelopment evolution brain disorders disease modeling non-human primates neocortex |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2021.737429/full |
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