Atmospheric Emissions in Ports Due to Maritime Traffic in Mexico
Atmospheric emissions from vessels at 38 Pacific and Gulf-Caribbean Mexican ports were determined for nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, particulates, carbon monoxide, non-methane volatile organic compounds, and carbon dioxide. The emissions have been estimated using a bottom-up methodology in the man...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/11/1186 |
| _version_ | 1797509811663798272 |
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| author | Gilberto Fuentes García Rodolfo Sosa Echeverría José María Baldasano Recio Jonathan D. W. Kahl Elías Granados Hernández Ana Luisa Alarcón Jímenez Rafael Esteban Antonio Durán |
| author_facet | Gilberto Fuentes García Rodolfo Sosa Echeverría José María Baldasano Recio Jonathan D. W. Kahl Elías Granados Hernández Ana Luisa Alarcón Jímenez Rafael Esteban Antonio Durán |
| author_sort | Gilberto Fuentes García |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Atmospheric emissions from vessels at 38 Pacific and Gulf-Caribbean Mexican ports were determined for nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, particulates, carbon monoxide, non-methane volatile organic compounds, and carbon dioxide. The emissions have been estimated using a bottom-up methodology in the maneuver and hoteling phases, by vessel type, from 2005 to 2020. Maritime traffic in Mexico’s Pacific zone contributes approximately with 60% of the country’s total ship emissions, with the remaining 40% in Gulf-Caribbean ports. The highest atmospheric emissions were found at the Manzanillo and Lázaro Cárdenas ports on the Pacific coast, as well as the Altamira and Veracruz ports on the Gulf-Caribbean coast. The contribution of the atmospheric emissions by vessel type at Pacific ports was Container 67%, Bulk Carrier 32%, Tanker 0.8%, and RoRo 0.4%. For Gulf-Caribbean ports it was Container 76%, Bulk Carrier 19%, Tanker 3%, and RoRo 2%. This study incorporates the International Maritime Organization implementations on reductions of sulfur content in marine fuel, from 4.5% mass by mass from 2005 to 2011, to 3.5% from 2012 to 2019, to 0.5% beginning in 2020. Overall, sulfur dioxide emissions were reduced by 89%. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:24:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d4d393c139fd4634b08953d27c29f712 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-1312 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:24:06Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-d4d393c139fd4634b08953d27c29f7122023-11-22T23:53:02ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122021-10-01911118610.3390/jmse9111186Atmospheric Emissions in Ports Due to Maritime Traffic in MexicoGilberto Fuentes García0Rodolfo Sosa Echeverría1José María Baldasano Recio2Jonathan D. W. Kahl3Elías Granados Hernández4Ana Luisa Alarcón Jímenez5Rafael Esteban Antonio Durán6Sección de Contaminación Ambiental, Ciudad Universitaria, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, MexicoSección de Contaminación Ambiental, Ciudad Universitaria, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, MexicoBarcelona Supercomputing Center-Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS), Department of Earth Sciences, Nexus II Building, Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, SpainSchool of Freshwater Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USACentro Tecnológico FES-Aragón, Laboratorio Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Nezahualcoyotl 57130, MexicoSección de Contaminación Ambiental, Ciudad Universitaria, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, MexicoFacultad de Ingeniería, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, MexicoAtmospheric emissions from vessels at 38 Pacific and Gulf-Caribbean Mexican ports were determined for nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, particulates, carbon monoxide, non-methane volatile organic compounds, and carbon dioxide. The emissions have been estimated using a bottom-up methodology in the maneuver and hoteling phases, by vessel type, from 2005 to 2020. Maritime traffic in Mexico’s Pacific zone contributes approximately with 60% of the country’s total ship emissions, with the remaining 40% in Gulf-Caribbean ports. The highest atmospheric emissions were found at the Manzanillo and Lázaro Cárdenas ports on the Pacific coast, as well as the Altamira and Veracruz ports on the Gulf-Caribbean coast. The contribution of the atmospheric emissions by vessel type at Pacific ports was Container 67%, Bulk Carrier 32%, Tanker 0.8%, and RoRo 0.4%. For Gulf-Caribbean ports it was Container 76%, Bulk Carrier 19%, Tanker 3%, and RoRo 2%. This study incorporates the International Maritime Organization implementations on reductions of sulfur content in marine fuel, from 4.5% mass by mass from 2005 to 2011, to 3.5% from 2012 to 2019, to 0.5% beginning in 2020. Overall, sulfur dioxide emissions were reduced by 89%.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/11/1186atmospheric emissionsmaritime zonemaneuvering phasehoteling phaseemission factorair pollution |
| spellingShingle | Gilberto Fuentes García Rodolfo Sosa Echeverría José María Baldasano Recio Jonathan D. W. Kahl Elías Granados Hernández Ana Luisa Alarcón Jímenez Rafael Esteban Antonio Durán Atmospheric Emissions in Ports Due to Maritime Traffic in Mexico Journal of Marine Science and Engineering atmospheric emissions maritime zone maneuvering phase hoteling phase emission factor air pollution |
| title | Atmospheric Emissions in Ports Due to Maritime Traffic in Mexico |
| title_full | Atmospheric Emissions in Ports Due to Maritime Traffic in Mexico |
| title_fullStr | Atmospheric Emissions in Ports Due to Maritime Traffic in Mexico |
| title_full_unstemmed | Atmospheric Emissions in Ports Due to Maritime Traffic in Mexico |
| title_short | Atmospheric Emissions in Ports Due to Maritime Traffic in Mexico |
| title_sort | atmospheric emissions in ports due to maritime traffic in mexico |
| topic | atmospheric emissions maritime zone maneuvering phase hoteling phase emission factor air pollution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/11/1186 |
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