Investigating the Potential Use of Date Kernel Ash (DKA) as a Partial Cement Replacement in Concrete
The palm and date sector is one of the most important sectors in Saudi Arabia. The total number of fertile palm trees in Saudi Arabia is about 31 million. In the production of pitted dates, date molasses, date paste, and date confectionery, a considerable number of date kernels are usually discarded...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Materials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/24/8866 |
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| author | Muneer K. Saeed Muhammad K. Rahman Mohammed Alfawzan Shameer Basha Hany A. Dahish |
| author_facet | Muneer K. Saeed Muhammad K. Rahman Mohammed Alfawzan Shameer Basha Hany A. Dahish |
| author_sort | Muneer K. Saeed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The palm and date sector is one of the most important sectors in Saudi Arabia. The total number of fertile palm trees in Saudi Arabia is about 31 million. In the production of pitted dates, date molasses, date paste, and date confectionery, a considerable number of date kernels are usually discarded as waste. This study reports experimental investigations conducted to evaluate the potential of waste date kernel ash (DKA), obtained by the calcination of date pits at 800 °C, as a partial cement replacement in concrete. DKA has low silica oxide and does not qualify as a pozzolanic material. The effect of DKA partially replacing the cement and acting as a filler material in concrete was investigated, and its properties were compared with two pozzolanic materials, fly ash (FA) and natural pozzolan (NP). Twelve concrete mixes in which cement was replaced with different proportions of calcined DKA (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30%), NP (10%, 20%, and 30%), and FA (10%, 20%, and 30%) were investigated in the experimental program. The properties of DKA, FA, and NP concrete mixes were evaluated in fresh and hardened states, including the heat of hydration, mechanical characteristics, and thermal properties. The results show that replacing cement with 5% date kernel ash increases the compressive strength by 0.42%, 3.2%, and 2.5% at 3, 7, and 28 days, respectively, while the 28-day compressive strength decreases by 2.4%, 5.4%, 16.3%, and 26.69% when the cement is replaced with 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30% DKA, respectively. Date kernel ash concrete mixes with 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement levels demonstrated higher compressive and tensile strengths and lower thermal conductivity, density, and workability when compared to natural pozzolan and fly ash. DKA is a promising partial cement replacement material; nevertheless, additional research is required to assess the durability of DKA in concrete. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:09:27Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:09:27Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-d4e7ff32507046fe9f6e163f564303112023-11-24T16:23:04ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-12-011524886610.3390/ma15248866Investigating the Potential Use of Date Kernel Ash (DKA) as a Partial Cement Replacement in ConcreteMuneer K. Saeed0Muhammad K. Rahman1Mohammed Alfawzan2Shameer Basha3Hany A. Dahish4Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah 56452, Saudi ArabiaInterdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 34462, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah 56452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah 56452, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah 56452, Saudi ArabiaThe palm and date sector is one of the most important sectors in Saudi Arabia. The total number of fertile palm trees in Saudi Arabia is about 31 million. In the production of pitted dates, date molasses, date paste, and date confectionery, a considerable number of date kernels are usually discarded as waste. This study reports experimental investigations conducted to evaluate the potential of waste date kernel ash (DKA), obtained by the calcination of date pits at 800 °C, as a partial cement replacement in concrete. DKA has low silica oxide and does not qualify as a pozzolanic material. The effect of DKA partially replacing the cement and acting as a filler material in concrete was investigated, and its properties were compared with two pozzolanic materials, fly ash (FA) and natural pozzolan (NP). Twelve concrete mixes in which cement was replaced with different proportions of calcined DKA (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30%), NP (10%, 20%, and 30%), and FA (10%, 20%, and 30%) were investigated in the experimental program. The properties of DKA, FA, and NP concrete mixes were evaluated in fresh and hardened states, including the heat of hydration, mechanical characteristics, and thermal properties. The results show that replacing cement with 5% date kernel ash increases the compressive strength by 0.42%, 3.2%, and 2.5% at 3, 7, and 28 days, respectively, while the 28-day compressive strength decreases by 2.4%, 5.4%, 16.3%, and 26.69% when the cement is replaced with 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30% DKA, respectively. Date kernel ash concrete mixes with 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement levels demonstrated higher compressive and tensile strengths and lower thermal conductivity, density, and workability when compared to natural pozzolan and fly ash. DKA is a promising partial cement replacement material; nevertheless, additional research is required to assess the durability of DKA in concrete.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/24/8866date kernel ash (DKA)cement replacementfly ashnatural pozzolanheat of hydrationthermal conductivity |
| spellingShingle | Muneer K. Saeed Muhammad K. Rahman Mohammed Alfawzan Shameer Basha Hany A. Dahish Investigating the Potential Use of Date Kernel Ash (DKA) as a Partial Cement Replacement in Concrete Materials date kernel ash (DKA) cement replacement fly ash natural pozzolan heat of hydration thermal conductivity |
| title | Investigating the Potential Use of Date Kernel Ash (DKA) as a Partial Cement Replacement in Concrete |
| title_full | Investigating the Potential Use of Date Kernel Ash (DKA) as a Partial Cement Replacement in Concrete |
| title_fullStr | Investigating the Potential Use of Date Kernel Ash (DKA) as a Partial Cement Replacement in Concrete |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigating the Potential Use of Date Kernel Ash (DKA) as a Partial Cement Replacement in Concrete |
| title_short | Investigating the Potential Use of Date Kernel Ash (DKA) as a Partial Cement Replacement in Concrete |
| title_sort | investigating the potential use of date kernel ash dka as a partial cement replacement in concrete |
| topic | date kernel ash (DKA) cement replacement fly ash natural pozzolan heat of hydration thermal conductivity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/24/8866 |
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