VORTEX: Network-Driven Opportunistic Routing for Ad Hoc Networks
The potential of ad hoc networks, which enable flexible and dynamic network establishment only by mobile terminals equipped with wireless communication devices, has recently attracted attention for the coming IoT era. Although the nature of ad hoc networks shows the advantages of their autonomous an...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/2893 |
| _version_ | 1797609160715534336 |
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| author | Ryo Yamamoto Taku Yamazaki Satoshi Ohzahata |
| author_facet | Ryo Yamamoto Taku Yamazaki Satoshi Ohzahata |
| author_sort | Ryo Yamamoto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The potential of ad hoc networks, which enable flexible and dynamic network establishment only by mobile terminals equipped with wireless communication devices, has recently attracted attention for the coming IoT era. Although the nature of ad hoc networks shows the advantages of their autonomous and distributed network management, a manifestation of drawbacks owing to the nature of wireless communication and the mobility of terminals are inevitable. Many routing protocols have already been proposed to address the issues by adapting to nature and achieving a certain level of improvement. However, the routing protocols still suffer from difficulties in information collection for routing and adaptive route management during communication. Moreover, there is another issue that end pair-based routing procedures prevent other end pairs from reusing the routing information effectively. To address the drawbacks of conventional routing protocols, this paper proposes VORTEX, a novel routing protocol that employs an opportunistic routing strategy using hierarchization. One of the characteristic features of VORTEX is its network-driven opportunistic forwarding, in which packets travel toward destination terminals using hierarchy as a guide without conventional route discovery procedures. Moreover, another characteristic feature of VORTEX is that the hierarchical structure also contributes to adapting to communication environment changes in an autonomous manner. In other words, VORTEX enables flexible network-wide information-based routing only with the locally collected information. The simulation results show that the proposed VORTEX could provide better service quality and reliability with improved efficiency compared to the conventional routing protocols. Furthermore, the most significant contribution is not only in the communication performance but also VORTEX omits route discovery or route maintenance from routing protocols, and formed networks themselves have a function to deliver packets toward destination terminals. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:56:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d4ff67bc0da8455b87009d245eba1c3b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:56:39Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-d4ff67bc0da8455b87009d245eba1c3b2023-11-17T13:43:00ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-03-01236289310.3390/s23062893VORTEX: Network-Driven Opportunistic Routing for Ad Hoc NetworksRyo Yamamoto0Taku Yamazaki1Satoshi Ohzahata2Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, JapanCollege of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, JapanGraduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, JapanThe potential of ad hoc networks, which enable flexible and dynamic network establishment only by mobile terminals equipped with wireless communication devices, has recently attracted attention for the coming IoT era. Although the nature of ad hoc networks shows the advantages of their autonomous and distributed network management, a manifestation of drawbacks owing to the nature of wireless communication and the mobility of terminals are inevitable. Many routing protocols have already been proposed to address the issues by adapting to nature and achieving a certain level of improvement. However, the routing protocols still suffer from difficulties in information collection for routing and adaptive route management during communication. Moreover, there is another issue that end pair-based routing procedures prevent other end pairs from reusing the routing information effectively. To address the drawbacks of conventional routing protocols, this paper proposes VORTEX, a novel routing protocol that employs an opportunistic routing strategy using hierarchization. One of the characteristic features of VORTEX is its network-driven opportunistic forwarding, in which packets travel toward destination terminals using hierarchy as a guide without conventional route discovery procedures. Moreover, another characteristic feature of VORTEX is that the hierarchical structure also contributes to adapting to communication environment changes in an autonomous manner. In other words, VORTEX enables flexible network-wide information-based routing only with the locally collected information. The simulation results show that the proposed VORTEX could provide better service quality and reliability with improved efficiency compared to the conventional routing protocols. Furthermore, the most significant contribution is not only in the communication performance but also VORTEX omits route discovery or route maintenance from routing protocols, and formed networks themselves have a function to deliver packets toward destination terminals.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/2893ad hoc networkadaptive routing hierarchizationMANETopportunistic routing |
| spellingShingle | Ryo Yamamoto Taku Yamazaki Satoshi Ohzahata VORTEX: Network-Driven Opportunistic Routing for Ad Hoc Networks Sensors ad hoc network adaptive routing hierarchization MANET opportunistic routing |
| title | VORTEX: Network-Driven Opportunistic Routing for Ad Hoc Networks |
| title_full | VORTEX: Network-Driven Opportunistic Routing for Ad Hoc Networks |
| title_fullStr | VORTEX: Network-Driven Opportunistic Routing for Ad Hoc Networks |
| title_full_unstemmed | VORTEX: Network-Driven Opportunistic Routing for Ad Hoc Networks |
| title_short | VORTEX: Network-Driven Opportunistic Routing for Ad Hoc Networks |
| title_sort | vortex network driven opportunistic routing for ad hoc networks |
| topic | ad hoc network adaptive routing hierarchization MANET opportunistic routing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/6/2893 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ryoyamamoto vortexnetworkdrivenopportunisticroutingforadhocnetworks AT takuyamazaki vortexnetworkdrivenopportunisticroutingforadhocnetworks AT satoshiohzahata vortexnetworkdrivenopportunisticroutingforadhocnetworks |