The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale: Reliability and validity of a brief screening test
Although excessive and compulsive shopping has been increasingly placed within the behavioral addiction paradigm in recent years, items in existing screens arguably do not assess the core criteria and components of addiction. To date, assessment screens for shopping disorders have primarily been roo...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2015-09-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychology |
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| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01374/full |
| _version_ | 1818022659973185536 |
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| author | Cecilie Schou Andreassen Cecilie Schou Andreassen Mark D. Griffiths Ståle ePallesen Robert M Bilder Torbjørn eTorsheim Elias eAboujaoude |
| author_facet | Cecilie Schou Andreassen Cecilie Schou Andreassen Mark D. Griffiths Ståle ePallesen Robert M Bilder Torbjørn eTorsheim Elias eAboujaoude |
| author_sort | Cecilie Schou Andreassen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Although excessive and compulsive shopping has been increasingly placed within the behavioral addiction paradigm in recent years, items in existing screens arguably do not assess the core criteria and components of addiction. To date, assessment screens for shopping disorders have primarily been rooted within the impulse-control or obsessive-compulsive disorder paradigms. Furthermore, existing screens use the terms ‘shopping’, ‘buying’, and ‘spending’ interchangeably, and do not necessarily reflect contemporary shopping habits. Consequently, a new screening tool for assessing shopping addiction was developed. Initially, 28 items, four for each of seven addiction criteria (salience, mood modification, conflict, tolerance, withdrawal, relapse, and problems), were constructed. These items and validated scales (i.e., Compulsive Buying Measurement Scale, Mini-International Personality Item Pool, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) were then administered to 23,537 participants (Mage=35.8 years, SDage=13.3). The highest loading item from each set of four pooled items reflecting the seven addiction criteria were retained in the final scale, The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS). The factor structure of the BSAS was good (RMSEA=.064, CFI=.983, TLI=.973) and coefficient alpha was .87. The scores on the BSAS converged with scores on the Compulsive Buying Measurement Scale (.80), and were positively correlated with extroversion and neuroticism, and negatively with conscientiousness, agreeableness, and intellect/imagination. The scores of the BSAS were positively associated with anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem and inversely related to age. Females scored higher than males on the BSAS. The BSAS is the first scale to fully embed shopping addiction within an addiction paradigm. A recommended cutoff score for the new scale and future research directions are discussed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T03:31:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d5241d7020c34457a61b30655824844b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-1078 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T03:31:57Z |
| publishDate | 2015-09-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychology |
| spelling | doaj.art-d5241d7020c34457a61b30655824844b2022-12-22T02:03:48ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782015-09-01610.3389/fpsyg.2015.01374156663The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale: Reliability and validity of a brief screening testCecilie Schou Andreassen0Cecilie Schou Andreassen1Mark D. Griffiths2Ståle ePallesen3Robert M Bilder4Torbjørn eTorsheim5Elias eAboujaoude6University of BergenThe Bergen Clinics FoundationNottingham Trent UniversityUniversity of BergenUCLAUniversity of BergenStanford University School of MedicineAlthough excessive and compulsive shopping has been increasingly placed within the behavioral addiction paradigm in recent years, items in existing screens arguably do not assess the core criteria and components of addiction. To date, assessment screens for shopping disorders have primarily been rooted within the impulse-control or obsessive-compulsive disorder paradigms. Furthermore, existing screens use the terms ‘shopping’, ‘buying’, and ‘spending’ interchangeably, and do not necessarily reflect contemporary shopping habits. Consequently, a new screening tool for assessing shopping addiction was developed. Initially, 28 items, four for each of seven addiction criteria (salience, mood modification, conflict, tolerance, withdrawal, relapse, and problems), were constructed. These items and validated scales (i.e., Compulsive Buying Measurement Scale, Mini-International Personality Item Pool, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) were then administered to 23,537 participants (Mage=35.8 years, SDage=13.3). The highest loading item from each set of four pooled items reflecting the seven addiction criteria were retained in the final scale, The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS). The factor structure of the BSAS was good (RMSEA=.064, CFI=.983, TLI=.973) and coefficient alpha was .87. The scores on the BSAS converged with scores on the Compulsive Buying Measurement Scale (.80), and were positively correlated with extroversion and neuroticism, and negatively with conscientiousness, agreeableness, and intellect/imagination. The scores of the BSAS were positively associated with anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem and inversely related to age. Females scored higher than males on the BSAS. The BSAS is the first scale to fully embed shopping addiction within an addiction paradigm. A recommended cutoff score for the new scale and future research directions are discussed.http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01374/fullPersonalityPsychometricsassessmentself-esteemcompulsive buyingpsychological distress |
| spellingShingle | Cecilie Schou Andreassen Cecilie Schou Andreassen Mark D. Griffiths Ståle ePallesen Robert M Bilder Torbjørn eTorsheim Elias eAboujaoude The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale: Reliability and validity of a brief screening test Frontiers in Psychology Personality Psychometrics assessment self-esteem compulsive buying psychological distress |
| title | The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale: Reliability and validity of a brief screening test |
| title_full | The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale: Reliability and validity of a brief screening test |
| title_fullStr | The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale: Reliability and validity of a brief screening test |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale: Reliability and validity of a brief screening test |
| title_short | The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale: Reliability and validity of a brief screening test |
| title_sort | bergen shopping addiction scale reliability and validity of a brief screening test |
| topic | Personality Psychometrics assessment self-esteem compulsive buying psychological distress |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01374/full |
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