Synthesis and Evaluation of FeSX/TiO<sub>2</sub> for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol under Visible-Light Region
In the present work, phenol was used as a model molecule to the photocatalytic evaluation of TiO<sub>2</sub> impregnated with iron sulphide and chlorine on a visible-light reactor. The iron–chlorine catalyst was prepared by incipient impregnation with the metal precursors, Fe (NO<sub&...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/5/457 |
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| author | Diego Alvarez-Bustos Felipe Sanchez-Minero Victor Santes Issis Claudette Romero-Ibarra José Antonio de los Reyes Heredia Reyna Rios-Escobedo Francisco Tzompantzi-Morales Carlos Eduardo Santolalla-Vargas |
| author_facet | Diego Alvarez-Bustos Felipe Sanchez-Minero Victor Santes Issis Claudette Romero-Ibarra José Antonio de los Reyes Heredia Reyna Rios-Escobedo Francisco Tzompantzi-Morales Carlos Eduardo Santolalla-Vargas |
| author_sort | Diego Alvarez-Bustos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the present work, phenol was used as a model molecule to the photocatalytic evaluation of TiO<sub>2</sub> impregnated with iron sulphide and chlorine on a visible-light reactor. The iron–chlorine catalyst was prepared by incipient impregnation with the metal precursors, Fe (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> and NaCl on previously calcined TiO<sub>2</sub>. The catalyst was sulphurized with H2S at 300 °C for 1 h. The catalysts were prepared at different chlorine concentrations using HYDRA chemical equilibrium diagrams to obtain different fractions of FeCl<sup>+</sup>. The oxide catalysts were characterized with diffuse reflectance (DRS UV–Vis) and temperature programmed reduction analysis (TPR). Sulphurized catalysts were characterized with Raman spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). The FeS–2Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst presented 8.35 times higher photodegradation than TiO<sub>2</sub> and 6.4 times higher compared to the FeS–0.25Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst. DRS and XPS showed similar results of band gap, proving that the catalyst remain stable after sulphurisation. The TPR results of FeS–2Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub> showed an increment of 86.29% in Fe<sup>2+</sup>/Fe<sup>3+</sup> compared to FeS–0.25Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub>. XPS and Raman results for oxide and sulphated iron species relation suggested that FeS–2Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub> decreased 4.45% compared to FeS–0.25Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst. XPS semiquantitative for S/Fe results showed that the FeS–2Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst increased 73.17% in comparison to FeS–0.25Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub>. These results suggested the increment of sulphurisation degree for FeS–2Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub>. In this regard, the catalyst characterization results showed that the presence of FeCl<sup>+</sup> (0.85 fractions) in solution before impregnation promoted the active sulphide species maintaining the band gap and improved the degradation of phenol on visible light. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:11:59Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:11:59Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-d52e53a77fd643d1bbf509070c27172d2023-11-23T10:25:09ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442022-04-0112545710.3390/catal12050457Synthesis and Evaluation of FeSX/TiO<sub>2</sub> for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol under Visible-Light RegionDiego Alvarez-Bustos0Felipe Sanchez-Minero1Victor Santes2Issis Claudette Romero-Ibarra3José Antonio de los Reyes Heredia4Reyna Rios-Escobedo5Francisco Tzompantzi-Morales6Carlos Eduardo Santolalla-Vargas7Departamento de Ingeniería Química Petrolera, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zacatenco, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 07738, MexicoDepartamento de Ingeniería Química Petrolera, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Zacatenco, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 07738, MexicoDepartamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre el Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo (CIIEMAD), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 07340, MexicoUnidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas—Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. IPN No. 2580, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 07340, MexicoDivisión de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 09340, MexicoDepartamento de Ingeniería Química, Área de Catálisis, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 189, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 09340, MexicoDepartamento de Ingeniería Química, Área de Catálisis, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 189, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 09340, MexicoDepartamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre el Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo (CIIEMAD), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 07340, MexicoIn the present work, phenol was used as a model molecule to the photocatalytic evaluation of TiO<sub>2</sub> impregnated with iron sulphide and chlorine on a visible-light reactor. The iron–chlorine catalyst was prepared by incipient impregnation with the metal precursors, Fe (NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> and NaCl on previously calcined TiO<sub>2</sub>. The catalyst was sulphurized with H2S at 300 °C for 1 h. The catalysts were prepared at different chlorine concentrations using HYDRA chemical equilibrium diagrams to obtain different fractions of FeCl<sup>+</sup>. The oxide catalysts were characterized with diffuse reflectance (DRS UV–Vis) and temperature programmed reduction analysis (TPR). Sulphurized catalysts were characterized with Raman spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). The FeS–2Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst presented 8.35 times higher photodegradation than TiO<sub>2</sub> and 6.4 times higher compared to the FeS–0.25Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst. DRS and XPS showed similar results of band gap, proving that the catalyst remain stable after sulphurisation. The TPR results of FeS–2Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub> showed an increment of 86.29% in Fe<sup>2+</sup>/Fe<sup>3+</sup> compared to FeS–0.25Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub>. XPS and Raman results for oxide and sulphated iron species relation suggested that FeS–2Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub> decreased 4.45% compared to FeS–0.25Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst. XPS semiquantitative for S/Fe results showed that the FeS–2Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst increased 73.17% in comparison to FeS–0.25Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub>. These results suggested the increment of sulphurisation degree for FeS–2Cl/TiO<sub>2</sub>. In this regard, the catalyst characterization results showed that the presence of FeCl<sup>+</sup> (0.85 fractions) in solution before impregnation promoted the active sulphide species maintaining the band gap and improved the degradation of phenol on visible light.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/5/457degradationphotocatalysisphenolimpregnation |
| spellingShingle | Diego Alvarez-Bustos Felipe Sanchez-Minero Victor Santes Issis Claudette Romero-Ibarra José Antonio de los Reyes Heredia Reyna Rios-Escobedo Francisco Tzompantzi-Morales Carlos Eduardo Santolalla-Vargas Synthesis and Evaluation of FeSX/TiO<sub>2</sub> for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol under Visible-Light Region Catalysts degradation photocatalysis phenol impregnation |
| title | Synthesis and Evaluation of FeSX/TiO<sub>2</sub> for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol under Visible-Light Region |
| title_full | Synthesis and Evaluation of FeSX/TiO<sub>2</sub> for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol under Visible-Light Region |
| title_fullStr | Synthesis and Evaluation of FeSX/TiO<sub>2</sub> for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol under Visible-Light Region |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis and Evaluation of FeSX/TiO<sub>2</sub> for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol under Visible-Light Region |
| title_short | Synthesis and Evaluation of FeSX/TiO<sub>2</sub> for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol under Visible-Light Region |
| title_sort | synthesis and evaluation of fesx tio sub 2 sub for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol under visible light region |
| topic | degradation photocatalysis phenol impregnation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/5/457 |
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