Effectiveness of the natural resistance management refuge for Bt-cotton is dominated by local abundance of soybean and maize
Abstract Genetically engineered crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins have transformed insect management in maize and cotton, reducing insecticide use and associated off-target effects. To mitigate the risk that pests evolve resistance to Bt crops, the US Environmental Protection A...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97123-8 |
| _version_ | 1818751455119540224 |
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| author | Benjamin Arends Dominic D. Reisig Shawnee Gundry Anders S. Huseth Francis P. F. Reay-Jones Jeremy K. Greene George G. Kennedy |
| author_facet | Benjamin Arends Dominic D. Reisig Shawnee Gundry Anders S. Huseth Francis P. F. Reay-Jones Jeremy K. Greene George G. Kennedy |
| author_sort | Benjamin Arends |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Genetically engineered crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins have transformed insect management in maize and cotton, reducing insecticide use and associated off-target effects. To mitigate the risk that pests evolve resistance to Bt crops, the US Environmental Protection Agency requires resistance management measures. The approved resistance management plan for Bt maize in cotton production regions requires a structured refuge of non-Bt maize equal to 20% of the maize planted; that for Bt cotton relies on the presence of an unstructured natural refuge comprising both non-Bt crop and non-crop hosts. We examined how abundance of Bt crops (cotton and maize) and an important non-Bt crop (soybean) component of the natural refuge affect resistance to Bt Cry1Ac toxin in local populations of Helicoverpa zea, an important lepidopteran pest impacted by Bt cotton and maize. We show refuge effectiveness is responsive to local abundances of maize and cotton and non-Bt soybean, and maize, in its role as a source of H. zea infesting cotton and non-Bt hosts, influences refuge effectiveness. These findings have important implications for commercial and regulatory decisions regarding deployment of Bt toxins targeting H. zea in maize, cotton, and other crops and for assumptions regarding efficacy of natural refuges. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-18T04:35:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d546bfed5083454aa9af69193363216a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-18T04:35:50Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj.art-d546bfed5083454aa9af69193363216a2022-12-21T21:20:52ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222021-09-011111910.1038/s41598-021-97123-8Effectiveness of the natural resistance management refuge for Bt-cotton is dominated by local abundance of soybean and maizeBenjamin Arends0Dominic D. Reisig1Shawnee Gundry2Anders S. Huseth3Francis P. F. Reay-Jones4Jeremy K. Greene5George G. Kennedy6Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State UniversityDepartment of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State UniversityDepartment of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State UniversityDepartment of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State UniversityDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Pee Dee Research and Education CenterDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Edisto Research and Education CenterDepartment of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State UniversityAbstract Genetically engineered crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins have transformed insect management in maize and cotton, reducing insecticide use and associated off-target effects. To mitigate the risk that pests evolve resistance to Bt crops, the US Environmental Protection Agency requires resistance management measures. The approved resistance management plan for Bt maize in cotton production regions requires a structured refuge of non-Bt maize equal to 20% of the maize planted; that for Bt cotton relies on the presence of an unstructured natural refuge comprising both non-Bt crop and non-crop hosts. We examined how abundance of Bt crops (cotton and maize) and an important non-Bt crop (soybean) component of the natural refuge affect resistance to Bt Cry1Ac toxin in local populations of Helicoverpa zea, an important lepidopteran pest impacted by Bt cotton and maize. We show refuge effectiveness is responsive to local abundances of maize and cotton and non-Bt soybean, and maize, in its role as a source of H. zea infesting cotton and non-Bt hosts, influences refuge effectiveness. These findings have important implications for commercial and regulatory decisions regarding deployment of Bt toxins targeting H. zea in maize, cotton, and other crops and for assumptions regarding efficacy of natural refuges.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97123-8 |
| spellingShingle | Benjamin Arends Dominic D. Reisig Shawnee Gundry Anders S. Huseth Francis P. F. Reay-Jones Jeremy K. Greene George G. Kennedy Effectiveness of the natural resistance management refuge for Bt-cotton is dominated by local abundance of soybean and maize Scientific Reports |
| title | Effectiveness of the natural resistance management refuge for Bt-cotton is dominated by local abundance of soybean and maize |
| title_full | Effectiveness of the natural resistance management refuge for Bt-cotton is dominated by local abundance of soybean and maize |
| title_fullStr | Effectiveness of the natural resistance management refuge for Bt-cotton is dominated by local abundance of soybean and maize |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effectiveness of the natural resistance management refuge for Bt-cotton is dominated by local abundance of soybean and maize |
| title_short | Effectiveness of the natural resistance management refuge for Bt-cotton is dominated by local abundance of soybean and maize |
| title_sort | effectiveness of the natural resistance management refuge for bt cotton is dominated by local abundance of soybean and maize |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97123-8 |
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