Childhood Obesity: Insight into Kidney Involvement
This review examines the impact of childhood obesity on the kidney from an epidemiological, pathogenetic, clinical, and pathological perspective, with the aim of providing pediatricians and nephrologists with the most current data on this topic. The prevalence of childhood obesity and chronic kidney...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/24/17400 |
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| author | Nazareno Carullo Mariateresa Zicarelli Ashour Michael Teresa Faga Yuri Battaglia Antonio Pisani Maria Perticone Davide Costa Nicola Ielapi Giuseppe Coppolino Davide Bolignano Raffaele Serra Michele Andreucci |
| author_facet | Nazareno Carullo Mariateresa Zicarelli Ashour Michael Teresa Faga Yuri Battaglia Antonio Pisani Maria Perticone Davide Costa Nicola Ielapi Giuseppe Coppolino Davide Bolignano Raffaele Serra Michele Andreucci |
| author_sort | Nazareno Carullo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This review examines the impact of childhood obesity on the kidney from an epidemiological, pathogenetic, clinical, and pathological perspective, with the aim of providing pediatricians and nephrologists with the most current data on this topic. The prevalence of childhood obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is steadily increasing worldwide, reaching epidemic proportions. While the impact of obesity in children with CKD is less pronounced than in adults, recent studies suggest a similar trend in the child population. This is likely due to the significant association between obesity and the two leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD): diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension. Obesity is a complex, systemic disease that reflects interactions between environmental and genetic factors. A key mechanism of kidney damage is related to metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Therefore, we can speculate about an adipose tissue–kidney axis in which neurohormonal and immunological mechanisms exacerbate complications resulting from obesity. Adipose tissue, now recognized as an endocrine organ, secretes cytokines called adipokines that may induce adaptive or maladaptive responses in renal cells, leading to kidney fibrosis. The impact of obesity on kidney transplant-related outcomes for both donors and recipients is also significant, making stringent preventive measures critical in the pre- and post-transplant phases. The challenge lies in identifying renal involvement as early as possible, as it is often completely asymptomatic and not detectable through common markers of kidney function. Ongoing research into innovative technologies, such as proteomics and metabolomics, aims to identify new biomarkers and is constantly evolving. Many aspects of pediatric disease progression in the population of children with obesity still require clarification. However, the latest scientific evidence in the field of nephrology offers glimpses into various new perspectives, such as genetic factors, comorbidities, and novel biomarkers. Investigating these aspects early could potentially improve the prognosis of these young patients through new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive exploration of the pathogenetic mechanisms and prevalent pathological patterns of kidney damage observed in children with obesity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:42:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d54cc46a12a24c9b90c3719fe02127bb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:42:12Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-d54cc46a12a24c9b90c3719fe02127bb2023-12-22T14:14:20ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-12-0124241740010.3390/ijms242417400Childhood Obesity: Insight into Kidney InvolvementNazareno Carullo0Mariateresa Zicarelli1Ashour Michael2Teresa Faga3Yuri Battaglia4Antonio Pisani5Maria Perticone6Davide Costa7Nicola Ielapi8Giuseppe Coppolino9Davide Bolignano10Raffaele Serra11Michele Andreucci12Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, ItalyDepartment of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, ItalyDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyInteruniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), “Magna Graecia” University, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyDepartment of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, ItalyThis review examines the impact of childhood obesity on the kidney from an epidemiological, pathogenetic, clinical, and pathological perspective, with the aim of providing pediatricians and nephrologists with the most current data on this topic. The prevalence of childhood obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is steadily increasing worldwide, reaching epidemic proportions. While the impact of obesity in children with CKD is less pronounced than in adults, recent studies suggest a similar trend in the child population. This is likely due to the significant association between obesity and the two leading causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD): diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension. Obesity is a complex, systemic disease that reflects interactions between environmental and genetic factors. A key mechanism of kidney damage is related to metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Therefore, we can speculate about an adipose tissue–kidney axis in which neurohormonal and immunological mechanisms exacerbate complications resulting from obesity. Adipose tissue, now recognized as an endocrine organ, secretes cytokines called adipokines that may induce adaptive or maladaptive responses in renal cells, leading to kidney fibrosis. The impact of obesity on kidney transplant-related outcomes for both donors and recipients is also significant, making stringent preventive measures critical in the pre- and post-transplant phases. The challenge lies in identifying renal involvement as early as possible, as it is often completely asymptomatic and not detectable through common markers of kidney function. Ongoing research into innovative technologies, such as proteomics and metabolomics, aims to identify new biomarkers and is constantly evolving. Many aspects of pediatric disease progression in the population of children with obesity still require clarification. However, the latest scientific evidence in the field of nephrology offers glimpses into various new perspectives, such as genetic factors, comorbidities, and novel biomarkers. Investigating these aspects early could potentially improve the prognosis of these young patients through new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive exploration of the pathogenetic mechanisms and prevalent pathological patterns of kidney damage observed in children with obesity.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/24/17400glomerular filtration rate (GFR)chronic kidney disease (CKD)biomarkersbody mass index (BMI)glomerulopathy |
| spellingShingle | Nazareno Carullo Mariateresa Zicarelli Ashour Michael Teresa Faga Yuri Battaglia Antonio Pisani Maria Perticone Davide Costa Nicola Ielapi Giuseppe Coppolino Davide Bolignano Raffaele Serra Michele Andreucci Childhood Obesity: Insight into Kidney Involvement International Journal of Molecular Sciences glomerular filtration rate (GFR) chronic kidney disease (CKD) biomarkers body mass index (BMI) glomerulopathy |
| title | Childhood Obesity: Insight into Kidney Involvement |
| title_full | Childhood Obesity: Insight into Kidney Involvement |
| title_fullStr | Childhood Obesity: Insight into Kidney Involvement |
| title_full_unstemmed | Childhood Obesity: Insight into Kidney Involvement |
| title_short | Childhood Obesity: Insight into Kidney Involvement |
| title_sort | childhood obesity insight into kidney involvement |
| topic | glomerular filtration rate (GFR) chronic kidney disease (CKD) biomarkers body mass index (BMI) glomerulopathy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/24/17400 |
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