Toxicity Assessment and Control of Early Blight and Stem Rot of <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L. by Mancozeb-Loaded Chitosan–Gum Acacia Nanocomposites
Biopolymers such as chitosan and gum acacia are used for nanotechnological applications due to their biosafety and ecofriendly nature. The commercial fungicide mancozeb (M) was loaded into chitosan–gum acacia (CSGA) polymers to form nanocomposite (NC) CSGA-M (mancozeb-loaded) measuring 363.6 nm via...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Journal of Xenobiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4713/12/2/8 |
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| author | Ravinder Kumar Joginder Singh Duhan Anju Manuja Pawan Kaur Balvinder Kumar Pardeep Kumar Sadh |
| author_facet | Ravinder Kumar Joginder Singh Duhan Anju Manuja Pawan Kaur Balvinder Kumar Pardeep Kumar Sadh |
| author_sort | Ravinder Kumar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Biopolymers such as chitosan and gum acacia are used for nanotechnological applications due to their biosafety and ecofriendly nature. The commercial fungicide mancozeb (M) was loaded into chitosan–gum acacia (CSGA) polymers to form nanocomposite (NC) CSGA-M (mancozeb-loaded) measuring 363.6 nm via the ionic gelation and polyelectrolyte complexation method. The physico-chemical study of nano CSGA-M was accomplished using dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Nano CSGA-M-1.0 (containing 1.0 mg/mL mancozeb) at 1.5 ppm demonstrated a maximum inhibition (83.8 ± 0.7%) against <i>Alternaria solani,</i> while <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> exhibited a 100% inhibition at 1.0 and 1.5 ppm through the mycelium inhibition method. Commercial mancozeb showed an inhibition of 84.6 ± 0% and 100%, respectively, for both fungi. In pot house conditions, NCs were found to exhibit good antimicrobial activity. Disease control efficiency (DCE, in %) in pathogen-treated plants for CSGA-M-1.0 was 64.6 ± 5.0 and 60.2 ± 1.4% against early blight and stem rot diseases, respectively. NCs showed lower cytotoxicity than commercial mancozeb at the given concentration. In conclusion, both in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy for nano CSGA-M was found to be quite comparable but less toxic than mancozeb to Vero cell lines; thus, in the future, this formulation may be used for sustainable agriculture. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:21:47Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:21:47Z |
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| series | Journal of Xenobiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-d55c41c4e0e742c48e831e5f17ae50022023-11-23T17:26:24ZengMDPI AGJournal of Xenobiotics2039-47052039-47132022-04-01122749010.3390/jox12020008Toxicity Assessment and Control of Early Blight and Stem Rot of <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L. by Mancozeb-Loaded Chitosan–Gum Acacia NanocompositesRavinder Kumar0Joginder Singh Duhan1Anju Manuja2Pawan Kaur3Balvinder Kumar4Pardeep Kumar Sadh5Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, IndiaDepartment of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, IndiaICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, IndiaTERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi 110003, IndiaICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, IndiaDepartment of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa 125055, IndiaBiopolymers such as chitosan and gum acacia are used for nanotechnological applications due to their biosafety and ecofriendly nature. The commercial fungicide mancozeb (M) was loaded into chitosan–gum acacia (CSGA) polymers to form nanocomposite (NC) CSGA-M (mancozeb-loaded) measuring 363.6 nm via the ionic gelation and polyelectrolyte complexation method. The physico-chemical study of nano CSGA-M was accomplished using dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Nano CSGA-M-1.0 (containing 1.0 mg/mL mancozeb) at 1.5 ppm demonstrated a maximum inhibition (83.8 ± 0.7%) against <i>Alternaria solani,</i> while <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> exhibited a 100% inhibition at 1.0 and 1.5 ppm through the mycelium inhibition method. Commercial mancozeb showed an inhibition of 84.6 ± 0% and 100%, respectively, for both fungi. In pot house conditions, NCs were found to exhibit good antimicrobial activity. Disease control efficiency (DCE, in %) in pathogen-treated plants for CSGA-M-1.0 was 64.6 ± 5.0 and 60.2 ± 1.4% against early blight and stem rot diseases, respectively. NCs showed lower cytotoxicity than commercial mancozeb at the given concentration. In conclusion, both in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy for nano CSGA-M was found to be quite comparable but less toxic than mancozeb to Vero cell lines; thus, in the future, this formulation may be used for sustainable agriculture.https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4713/12/2/8chitosan–gum acacia nanocompositeionic gelationmancozebantifungal efficacycytotoxicityplant diseases |
| spellingShingle | Ravinder Kumar Joginder Singh Duhan Anju Manuja Pawan Kaur Balvinder Kumar Pardeep Kumar Sadh Toxicity Assessment and Control of Early Blight and Stem Rot of <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L. by Mancozeb-Loaded Chitosan–Gum Acacia Nanocomposites Journal of Xenobiotics chitosan–gum acacia nanocomposite ionic gelation mancozeb antifungal efficacy cytotoxicity plant diseases |
| title | Toxicity Assessment and Control of Early Blight and Stem Rot of <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L. by Mancozeb-Loaded Chitosan–Gum Acacia Nanocomposites |
| title_full | Toxicity Assessment and Control of Early Blight and Stem Rot of <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L. by Mancozeb-Loaded Chitosan–Gum Acacia Nanocomposites |
| title_fullStr | Toxicity Assessment and Control of Early Blight and Stem Rot of <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L. by Mancozeb-Loaded Chitosan–Gum Acacia Nanocomposites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toxicity Assessment and Control of Early Blight and Stem Rot of <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L. by Mancozeb-Loaded Chitosan–Gum Acacia Nanocomposites |
| title_short | Toxicity Assessment and Control of Early Blight and Stem Rot of <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L. by Mancozeb-Loaded Chitosan–Gum Acacia Nanocomposites |
| title_sort | toxicity assessment and control of early blight and stem rot of i solanum tuberosum i l by mancozeb loaded chitosan gum acacia nanocomposites |
| topic | chitosan–gum acacia nanocomposite ionic gelation mancozeb antifungal efficacy cytotoxicity plant diseases |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2039-4713/12/2/8 |
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