Observed Climatology and Trend in Relative Humidity, CAPE, and CIN over India
Water vapor is the most dominant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and plays a critical role in Earth’s energy budget and hydrological cycle. This study aims to characterize the long-term seasonal variation of relative humidity (RH), convective available potential energy (CAPE), and convective inhibi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-02-01
|
| Series: | Atmosphere |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/2/361 |
| _version_ | 1797482762162143232 |
|---|---|
| author | Pathan Imran Khan Devanaboyina Venkata Ratnam Perumal Prasad Ghouse Basha Jonathan H. Jiang Rehana Shaik Madineni Venkat Ratnam Pangaluru Kishore |
| author_facet | Pathan Imran Khan Devanaboyina Venkata Ratnam Perumal Prasad Ghouse Basha Jonathan H. Jiang Rehana Shaik Madineni Venkat Ratnam Pangaluru Kishore |
| author_sort | Pathan Imran Khan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Water vapor is the most dominant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and plays a critical role in Earth’s energy budget and hydrological cycle. This study aims to characterize the long-term seasonal variation of relative humidity (RH), convective available potential energy (CAPE), and convective inhibition (CIN) from surface and radiosonde observations from 1980–2020. The results show that during the monsoon season, very high RH values are depicted while low values are depicted during the pre-monsoon season. West Coast stations represent large RH values compared to other stations throughout the year. Irrespective of the season, the coastal regions show higher RH values during monsoon season. Regardless of season, the coastal regions have higher RH values during the monsoon season. During the pre-monsoon season, the coastal region has high RH values, whereas other regions have high RH values during the monsoon season. The rate of increase in RH in North-West India is 5.4%, followed by the West Coast, Central, and Southern parts of India. An increase in water vapor leads to raised temperature, which alters the instability conditions. In terms of seasonal variation, our findings show that CAPE follows a similar RH pattern. CAPE increases sharply in Central India and the West Coast region, while it declines in South India. Opposite features are observed in CIN with respect to CAPE variability over India. The results of the study provide additional evidence with respect to the role of RH as an influencing factor for an increase in CAPE over India. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:38:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d56b8372ca2b466888577485906e2142 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:38:08Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-d56b8372ca2b466888577485906e21422023-11-23T18:46:25ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332022-02-0113236110.3390/atmos13020361Observed Climatology and Trend in Relative Humidity, CAPE, and CIN over IndiaPathan Imran Khan0Devanaboyina Venkata Ratnam1Perumal Prasad2Ghouse Basha3Jonathan H. Jiang4Rehana Shaik5Madineni Venkat Ratnam6Pangaluru Kishore7Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur 522502, IndiaDepartment of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur 522502, IndiaNational Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Space, Gadanki 517112, IndiaNational Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Space, Gadanki 517112, IndiaJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USAHydroclimatic Research Group, Lab for Spatial Informatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500032, IndiaNational Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Department of Space, Gadanki 517112, IndiaDepartment of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USAWater vapor is the most dominant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and plays a critical role in Earth’s energy budget and hydrological cycle. This study aims to characterize the long-term seasonal variation of relative humidity (RH), convective available potential energy (CAPE), and convective inhibition (CIN) from surface and radiosonde observations from 1980–2020. The results show that during the monsoon season, very high RH values are depicted while low values are depicted during the pre-monsoon season. West Coast stations represent large RH values compared to other stations throughout the year. Irrespective of the season, the coastal regions show higher RH values during monsoon season. Regardless of season, the coastal regions have higher RH values during the monsoon season. During the pre-monsoon season, the coastal region has high RH values, whereas other regions have high RH values during the monsoon season. The rate of increase in RH in North-West India is 5.4%, followed by the West Coast, Central, and Southern parts of India. An increase in water vapor leads to raised temperature, which alters the instability conditions. In terms of seasonal variation, our findings show that CAPE follows a similar RH pattern. CAPE increases sharply in Central India and the West Coast region, while it declines in South India. Opposite features are observed in CIN with respect to CAPE variability over India. The results of the study provide additional evidence with respect to the role of RH as an influencing factor for an increase in CAPE over India.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/2/361temperaturerelative humidityCAPECINradiosonde |
| spellingShingle | Pathan Imran Khan Devanaboyina Venkata Ratnam Perumal Prasad Ghouse Basha Jonathan H. Jiang Rehana Shaik Madineni Venkat Ratnam Pangaluru Kishore Observed Climatology and Trend in Relative Humidity, CAPE, and CIN over India Atmosphere temperature relative humidity CAPE CIN radiosonde |
| title | Observed Climatology and Trend in Relative Humidity, CAPE, and CIN over India |
| title_full | Observed Climatology and Trend in Relative Humidity, CAPE, and CIN over India |
| title_fullStr | Observed Climatology and Trend in Relative Humidity, CAPE, and CIN over India |
| title_full_unstemmed | Observed Climatology and Trend in Relative Humidity, CAPE, and CIN over India |
| title_short | Observed Climatology and Trend in Relative Humidity, CAPE, and CIN over India |
| title_sort | observed climatology and trend in relative humidity cape and cin over india |
| topic | temperature relative humidity CAPE CIN radiosonde |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/13/2/361 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pathanimrankhan observedclimatologyandtrendinrelativehumiditycapeandcinoverindia AT devanaboyinavenkataratnam observedclimatologyandtrendinrelativehumiditycapeandcinoverindia AT perumalprasad observedclimatologyandtrendinrelativehumiditycapeandcinoverindia AT ghousebasha observedclimatologyandtrendinrelativehumiditycapeandcinoverindia AT jonathanhjiang observedclimatologyandtrendinrelativehumiditycapeandcinoverindia AT rehanashaik observedclimatologyandtrendinrelativehumiditycapeandcinoverindia AT madinenivenkatratnam observedclimatologyandtrendinrelativehumiditycapeandcinoverindia AT pangalurukishore observedclimatologyandtrendinrelativehumiditycapeandcinoverindia |