A gorilla reservoir for human T-lymphotropic virus type 4
Of the seven known species of human retroviruses only one, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 4 (HTLV-4), lacks a known animal reservoir. We report the largest screening for simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV-4) to date in a wide range of captive and wild non-human primate (NHP) species from C...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2014-01-01
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| Series: | Emerging Microbes and Infections |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1038/emi.2014.7 |
| _version_ | 1828715925989228544 |
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| author | Matthew LeBreton William M Switzer Cyrille F Djoko Amethyst Gillis Hongwei Jia Michele M Sturgeon Anupama Shankar Haoqiang Zheng Gerard Nkeunen Ubald Tamoufe Ahmadou Nana Joseph Le Doux Diffo Babila Tafon John Kiyang Bradley S Schneider Donald S Burke Nathan D Wolfe |
| author_facet | Matthew LeBreton William M Switzer Cyrille F Djoko Amethyst Gillis Hongwei Jia Michele M Sturgeon Anupama Shankar Haoqiang Zheng Gerard Nkeunen Ubald Tamoufe Ahmadou Nana Joseph Le Doux Diffo Babila Tafon John Kiyang Bradley S Schneider Donald S Burke Nathan D Wolfe |
| author_sort | Matthew LeBreton |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Of the seven known species of human retroviruses only one, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 4 (HTLV-4), lacks a known animal reservoir. We report the largest screening for simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV-4) to date in a wide range of captive and wild non-human primate (NHP) species from Cameroon. Among the 681 wild and 426 captive NHPs examined, we detected STLV-4 infection only among gorillas by using HTLV-4-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The large number of samples analyzed, the diversity of NHP species examined, the geographic distribution of infected animals relative to the known HTLV-4 case, as well as detailed phylogenetic analyses on partial and full genomes, indicate that STLV-4 is endemic to gorillas, and that rather than being an ancient virus among humans, HTLV-4 emerged from a gorilla reservoir, likely through the hunting and butchering of wild gorillas. Our findings shed further light on the importance of gorillas as keystone reservoirs for the evolution and emergence of human infectious diseases and provide a clear course for preventing HTLV-4 emergence through management of human contact with wild gorillas, the development of improved assays for HTLV-4/STLV-4 detection and the ongoing monitoring of STLV-4 among gorillas and for HTLV-4 zoonosis among individuals exposed to gorilla populations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T23:20:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d56ff980bd5b49988bf23ab620872c1d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2222-1751 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T23:20:57Z |
| publishDate | 2014-01-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Emerging Microbes and Infections |
| spelling | doaj.art-d56ff980bd5b49988bf23ab620872c1d2023-09-20T14:20:33ZengTaylor & Francis GroupEmerging Microbes and Infections2222-17512014-01-013111210.1038/emi.2014.7A gorilla reservoir for human T-lymphotropic virus type 4Matthew LeBreton0William M Switzer1Cyrille F Djoko2Amethyst Gillis3Hongwei Jia4Michele M Sturgeon5Anupama Shankar6Haoqiang Zheng7Gerard Nkeunen8Ubald Tamoufe9Ahmadou Nana10Joseph Le Doux Diffo11Babila Tafon12John Kiyang13Bradley S Schneider14Donald S Burke15Nathan D Wolfe16Mosaic, (Environment, Health, Data, Technology), Yaoundé, CameroonLaboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USAGlobal Viral Cameroon, BP 7039 Yaounde, CameroonGlobal Viral Cameroon, BP 7039 Yaounde, CameroonLaboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USALaboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USALaboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USALaboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USAGlobal Viral Cameroon, BP 7039 Yaounde, CameroonGlobal Viral Cameroon, BP 7039 Yaounde, CameroonGlobal Viral Cameroon, BP 7039 Yaounde, CameroonGlobal Viral Cameroon, BP 7039 Yaounde, CameroonApe Action Africa, Cameroon, BP 20072 Yaounde, CameroonLimbe Wildlife Centre, Limbe, CameroonMetabiota, San Francisco, CA 94104, USAGraduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USAMetabiota, San Francisco, CA 94104, USAOf the seven known species of human retroviruses only one, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 4 (HTLV-4), lacks a known animal reservoir. We report the largest screening for simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV-4) to date in a wide range of captive and wild non-human primate (NHP) species from Cameroon. Among the 681 wild and 426 captive NHPs examined, we detected STLV-4 infection only among gorillas by using HTLV-4-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The large number of samples analyzed, the diversity of NHP species examined, the geographic distribution of infected animals relative to the known HTLV-4 case, as well as detailed phylogenetic analyses on partial and full genomes, indicate that STLV-4 is endemic to gorillas, and that rather than being an ancient virus among humans, HTLV-4 emerged from a gorilla reservoir, likely through the hunting and butchering of wild gorillas. Our findings shed further light on the importance of gorillas as keystone reservoirs for the evolution and emergence of human infectious diseases and provide a clear course for preventing HTLV-4 emergence through management of human contact with wild gorillas, the development of improved assays for HTLV-4/STLV-4 detection and the ongoing monitoring of STLV-4 among gorillas and for HTLV-4 zoonosis among individuals exposed to gorilla populations.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1038/emi.2014.7gorillahuman T-lymphotropic virusprimateretrovirussimian T-lymphotropic viruszoonoses |
| spellingShingle | Matthew LeBreton William M Switzer Cyrille F Djoko Amethyst Gillis Hongwei Jia Michele M Sturgeon Anupama Shankar Haoqiang Zheng Gerard Nkeunen Ubald Tamoufe Ahmadou Nana Joseph Le Doux Diffo Babila Tafon John Kiyang Bradley S Schneider Donald S Burke Nathan D Wolfe A gorilla reservoir for human T-lymphotropic virus type 4 Emerging Microbes and Infections gorilla human T-lymphotropic virus primate retrovirus simian T-lymphotropic virus zoonoses |
| title | A gorilla reservoir for human T-lymphotropic virus type 4 |
| title_full | A gorilla reservoir for human T-lymphotropic virus type 4 |
| title_fullStr | A gorilla reservoir for human T-lymphotropic virus type 4 |
| title_full_unstemmed | A gorilla reservoir for human T-lymphotropic virus type 4 |
| title_short | A gorilla reservoir for human T-lymphotropic virus type 4 |
| title_sort | gorilla reservoir for human t lymphotropic virus type 4 |
| topic | gorilla human T-lymphotropic virus primate retrovirus simian T-lymphotropic virus zoonoses |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1038/emi.2014.7 |
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