Some Ultra-Processed Foods Are Needed for Nutrient Adequate Diets: Linear Programming Analyses of the Seattle Obesity Study
Typical diets include an assortment of unprocessed, processed, and ultra-processed foods, along with culinary ingredients. Linear programming (LP) can be used to generate nutritionally adequate food patterns that meet pre-defined nutrient guidelines. The present LP models were set to satisfy 22 nutr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/11/3838 |
| _version_ | 1797509036255477760 |
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| author | Skyler Hallinan Chelsea Rose James Buszkiewicz Adam Drewnowski |
| author_facet | Skyler Hallinan Chelsea Rose James Buszkiewicz Adam Drewnowski |
| author_sort | Skyler Hallinan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Typical diets include an assortment of unprocessed, processed, and ultra-processed foods, along with culinary ingredients. Linear programming (LP) can be used to generate nutritionally adequate food patterns that meet pre-defined nutrient guidelines. The present LP models were set to satisfy 22 nutrient standards, while minimizing deviation from the mean observed diet of the Seattle Obesity Study (SOS III) sample. Component foods from the Fred Hutch food frequency questionnaire comprised the market basket. LP models generated optimized 2000 kcal food patterns by selecting from all foods, unprocessed foods only, ultra-processed foods only, or some other combination. Optimized patterns created using all foods contained less fat, sugar, and salt, and more vegetables compared to the SOS III mean. Ultra-processed foods were the main sources of added sugar, saturated fat and sodium. Ultra-processed foods also contributed most vitamin E, thiamin, niacin, folate, and calcium, and were the main sources of plant protein. LP models failed to create optimal diets using unprocessed foods only and ultra-processed foods only: no mathematical solution was obtained. Relaxing the vitamin D criterion led to optimized diets based on unprocessed or ultra-processed foods only. However, food patterns created using unprocessed foods were significantly more expensive compared to those created using foods in the ultra-processed category. This work demonstrates that foods from all NOVA categories can contribute to a nutritionally adequate diet. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:12:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-d58a6f63f0854a74989fcd0389804736 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:12:16Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-d58a6f63f0854a74989fcd03898047362023-11-23T00:46:40ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432021-10-011311383810.3390/nu13113838Some Ultra-Processed Foods Are Needed for Nutrient Adequate Diets: Linear Programming Analyses of the Seattle Obesity StudySkyler Hallinan0Chelsea Rose1James Buszkiewicz2Adam Drewnowski3Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USACenter for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USACenter for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USACenter for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USATypical diets include an assortment of unprocessed, processed, and ultra-processed foods, along with culinary ingredients. Linear programming (LP) can be used to generate nutritionally adequate food patterns that meet pre-defined nutrient guidelines. The present LP models were set to satisfy 22 nutrient standards, while minimizing deviation from the mean observed diet of the Seattle Obesity Study (SOS III) sample. Component foods from the Fred Hutch food frequency questionnaire comprised the market basket. LP models generated optimized 2000 kcal food patterns by selecting from all foods, unprocessed foods only, ultra-processed foods only, or some other combination. Optimized patterns created using all foods contained less fat, sugar, and salt, and more vegetables compared to the SOS III mean. Ultra-processed foods were the main sources of added sugar, saturated fat and sodium. Ultra-processed foods also contributed most vitamin E, thiamin, niacin, folate, and calcium, and were the main sources of plant protein. LP models failed to create optimal diets using unprocessed foods only and ultra-processed foods only: no mathematical solution was obtained. Relaxing the vitamin D criterion led to optimized diets based on unprocessed or ultra-processed foods only. However, food patterns created using unprocessed foods were significantly more expensive compared to those created using foods in the ultra-processed category. This work demonstrates that foods from all NOVA categories can contribute to a nutritionally adequate diet.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/11/3838food patternsdiet qualityultra-processed foodslinear programmingSOS III |
| spellingShingle | Skyler Hallinan Chelsea Rose James Buszkiewicz Adam Drewnowski Some Ultra-Processed Foods Are Needed for Nutrient Adequate Diets: Linear Programming Analyses of the Seattle Obesity Study Nutrients food patterns diet quality ultra-processed foods linear programming SOS III |
| title | Some Ultra-Processed Foods Are Needed for Nutrient Adequate Diets: Linear Programming Analyses of the Seattle Obesity Study |
| title_full | Some Ultra-Processed Foods Are Needed for Nutrient Adequate Diets: Linear Programming Analyses of the Seattle Obesity Study |
| title_fullStr | Some Ultra-Processed Foods Are Needed for Nutrient Adequate Diets: Linear Programming Analyses of the Seattle Obesity Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Some Ultra-Processed Foods Are Needed for Nutrient Adequate Diets: Linear Programming Analyses of the Seattle Obesity Study |
| title_short | Some Ultra-Processed Foods Are Needed for Nutrient Adequate Diets: Linear Programming Analyses of the Seattle Obesity Study |
| title_sort | some ultra processed foods are needed for nutrient adequate diets linear programming analyses of the seattle obesity study |
| topic | food patterns diet quality ultra-processed foods linear programming SOS III |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/11/3838 |
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