Exploiting the Integrated Valorization of <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> Leaves: Chemical Composition and Biological Potential of the Lipophilic Fraction before and after Hydrodistillation
<i>E. globulus</i> leaves have been mainly exploited for essential oil recovery or for energy generation in industrial pulp mills, neglecting the abundance of valuable families of extractives, namely, triterpenic acids, that might open new ways for the integrated valorization of this bio...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/7/6226 |
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| author | Cátia. S. D. Oliveira Patrícia Moreira Maria T. Cruz Cláudia M. F. Pereira Artur M. S. Silva Sónia A. O. Santos Armando J. D. Silvestre |
| author_facet | Cátia. S. D. Oliveira Patrícia Moreira Maria T. Cruz Cláudia M. F. Pereira Artur M. S. Silva Sónia A. O. Santos Armando J. D. Silvestre |
| author_sort | Cátia. S. D. Oliveira |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>E. globulus</i> leaves have been mainly exploited for essential oil recovery or for energy generation in industrial pulp mills, neglecting the abundance of valuable families of extractives, namely, triterpenic acids, that might open new ways for the integrated valorization of this biomass. Therefore, this study highlights the lipophilic characterization of <i>E. globulus</i> leaves before and after hydrodistillation, aiming at the integrated valorization of both essential oils and triterpenic acids. The lipophilic composition of <i>E. globulus</i> leaves after hydrodistillation is reported for the first time. Extracts were obtained by dichloromethane Soxhlet extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, their cytotoxicity on different cell lines representative of the innate immune system, skin, liver, and intestine were evaluated. Triterpenic acids, such as betulonic, oleanolic, betulinic and ursolic acids, were found to be the main components of these lipophilic extracts, ranging from 30.63–37.14 g kg<sup>−1</sup> of dry weight (dw), and representing 87.7–89.0% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> of the total content of the identified compounds. In particular, ursolic acid was the major constituent of all extracts, representing 46.8–50.7% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> of the total content of the identified compounds. Other constituents, such as fatty acids, long-chain aliphatic alcohols and <i>β</i>-sitosterol were also found in smaller amounts in the studied extracts. This study also demonstrates that the hydrodistillation process does not affect the recovery of compounds of greatest interest, namely, triterpenic acids. Therefore, the results establish that this biomass residue can be considered as a promising source of value-added bioactive compounds, opening new strategies for upgrading pulp industry residues within an integrated biorefinery context. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:36:16Z |
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| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:36:16Z |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-d5a17f7c7468438fbdd98e54f2bbbd672023-11-17T16:48:07ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-03-01247622610.3390/ijms24076226Exploiting the Integrated Valorization of <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> Leaves: Chemical Composition and Biological Potential of the Lipophilic Fraction before and after HydrodistillationCátia. S. D. Oliveira0Patrícia Moreira1Maria T. Cruz2Cláudia M. F. Pereira3Artur M. S. Silva4Sónia A. O. Santos5Armando J. D. Silvestre6CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cellular Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, PortugalCNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cellular Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, PortugalCNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cellular Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, PortugalLAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal<i>E. globulus</i> leaves have been mainly exploited for essential oil recovery or for energy generation in industrial pulp mills, neglecting the abundance of valuable families of extractives, namely, triterpenic acids, that might open new ways for the integrated valorization of this biomass. Therefore, this study highlights the lipophilic characterization of <i>E. globulus</i> leaves before and after hydrodistillation, aiming at the integrated valorization of both essential oils and triterpenic acids. The lipophilic composition of <i>E. globulus</i> leaves after hydrodistillation is reported for the first time. Extracts were obtained by dichloromethane Soxhlet extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, their cytotoxicity on different cell lines representative of the innate immune system, skin, liver, and intestine were evaluated. Triterpenic acids, such as betulonic, oleanolic, betulinic and ursolic acids, were found to be the main components of these lipophilic extracts, ranging from 30.63–37.14 g kg<sup>−1</sup> of dry weight (dw), and representing 87.7–89.0% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> of the total content of the identified compounds. In particular, ursolic acid was the major constituent of all extracts, representing 46.8–50.7% <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> of the total content of the identified compounds. Other constituents, such as fatty acids, long-chain aliphatic alcohols and <i>β</i>-sitosterol were also found in smaller amounts in the studied extracts. This study also demonstrates that the hydrodistillation process does not affect the recovery of compounds of greatest interest, namely, triterpenic acids. Therefore, the results establish that this biomass residue can be considered as a promising source of value-added bioactive compounds, opening new strategies for upgrading pulp industry residues within an integrated biorefinery context.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/7/6226<i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> leavesbiorefineryintegrated exploitationhydrodistillationGC–MS analysiscytotoxicity |
| spellingShingle | Cátia. S. D. Oliveira Patrícia Moreira Maria T. Cruz Cláudia M. F. Pereira Artur M. S. Silva Sónia A. O. Santos Armando J. D. Silvestre Exploiting the Integrated Valorization of <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> Leaves: Chemical Composition and Biological Potential of the Lipophilic Fraction before and after Hydrodistillation International Journal of Molecular Sciences <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> leaves biorefinery integrated exploitation hydrodistillation GC–MS analysis cytotoxicity |
| title | Exploiting the Integrated Valorization of <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> Leaves: Chemical Composition and Biological Potential of the Lipophilic Fraction before and after Hydrodistillation |
| title_full | Exploiting the Integrated Valorization of <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> Leaves: Chemical Composition and Biological Potential of the Lipophilic Fraction before and after Hydrodistillation |
| title_fullStr | Exploiting the Integrated Valorization of <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> Leaves: Chemical Composition and Biological Potential of the Lipophilic Fraction before and after Hydrodistillation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploiting the Integrated Valorization of <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> Leaves: Chemical Composition and Biological Potential of the Lipophilic Fraction before and after Hydrodistillation |
| title_short | Exploiting the Integrated Valorization of <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> Leaves: Chemical Composition and Biological Potential of the Lipophilic Fraction before and after Hydrodistillation |
| title_sort | exploiting the integrated valorization of i eucalyptus globulus i leaves chemical composition and biological potential of the lipophilic fraction before and after hydrodistillation |
| topic | <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> leaves biorefinery integrated exploitation hydrodistillation GC–MS analysis cytotoxicity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/7/6226 |
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